1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. Defining the American Political Culture Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government Political Ideology and the American People Chapter 4: Political Culture and Ideology

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objective Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Identify the most important elements of and sources for the American political culture. Political Attitudes and Ideology LO 4.2 Compare and contrast political ideologies and evaluate the critiques of each ideology.

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Political Ideology and the American People LO 4.3 Assess the importance of political ideology in light of competing ideas and the contemporary American context. Chapter Outline and Learning Objective

5. Many American citizens’ first experience with democracy is a school election, sometimes as early as in elementary school. Political scientists use the term political culture to refer to the widely shared beliefs, values, and norms citizens hold about their relationship to government and to one another. American political culture centers on democratic values. LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Identify the most important elements of and sources for the American political culture. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

6. Shared Values Before the American and French Revolutions discussions about individual liberty, freedom, equality, private property, limited government, and popular consent were rare. The founders of our nation claimed that individuals have certain natural rights. During this same period the economic system was changing from a mercantile system to a free market system. Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Shared Values Liberty Equality Individualism Respect for the Common Person Democratic Consensus Justice and the Rule of Law Patriotism, Optimism, and Idealism Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Where We Learn the American Political Culture Family Public schools Colleges and universities Churches Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The American Dream Many of our political values come together in the American dream. The right to private property is only one of the economic incentives that cement our support for capitalism and fuel the American dream. Values can be in conflict. As important as the American dream is as an aspiration, it remains unfulfilled. Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Political and Economic Change The Industrial Transformation The Great Depression and the New Deal Defining the American Political Culture LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

11. LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

12. Political ideology: a consistent pattern of ideas or beliefs about political values and the role of government Major ideologies that dominate American politics: Liberalism Conservatism Other ideologies in American politics: Socialism Communism Libertarianism Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Compare and contrast political ideologies and evaluate the critiques of each ideology. LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

13. Liberalism and Conservatism Liberalism: a belief that government should achieve justice and equality of opportunity Conservatism: a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive markets, and personal opportunity Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Liberalism and Conservatism (cont.) Traditional conservatives: emphatically pro- business Social conservatives: focus less on economics and more on morality and lifestyle Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Criticisms of Liberalism It relies too much on government, higher taxes, and bureaucracy to solve the nation’s problems. Reliance on government can destroy individualism. Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Criticisms of Conservatism Focus on deregulation has not always worked: economic collapse in 2008. Conservatives favor more government action on their issues but not on the issues of others. Some conservatives fail to endorse policies that deal with racism and sexism. Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Socialism and Communism Socialism: An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange. Communism: A political, social, and economic system in which land and capital are collectively owned and political power is exercised by the masses. Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Libertarianism Libertarianism : cherishes individual liberty, minimal government, a free market economy, noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life. Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

19. LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

20. LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

21. A Word of Caution Political labels have different meanings. Ideology both causes events and is affected by them. Unlike in 2000 and 2004, the 2008 election produced a winner with a large enough majority in the popular vote and electoral college to claim a mandate. Learning objective Political Ideology and Attitudes Toward Government LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

22. Ideology has economic, social/lifestyle, environmental, civil rights/civil liberties, and foreign/defense policy dimensions. In the United States, most people are moderates or report not knowing whether they are liberal or conservative. The absence of widespread and solidified liberal and conservative positions in the United States makes for politics and policymaking processes that are markedly different from those in most nations. Political Ideology and the American People LO 4.3 Assess the importance of political ideology in light of competing ideas and the contemporary American context. LO 4.3 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

23. Policy making in this country is characterized more by ad hoc coalitions than by fixed alignments that pit one set of ideologies against another. This does not mean that policies or ideas are not important in American politics. Ideologies have consequences. Political Ideology and the American People LO 4.3 Back to learning objectives

24. LO 4.3 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

25. LO 4.3 Back to learning objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

26. A.Each citizen’s rights and responsibilities B.Discussing and considering public matters C.Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for media D.Widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance The idea of social capital as it applies to political culture refers to ___________. LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A.Each citizen’s rights and responsibilities B.Discussing and considering public matters C.Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for media D.Widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance The idea of social capital as it applies to political culture refers to ___________. LO 4.1 Back to learning objectives

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A. Liberalism B. Conservatism C. Socialism D. Libertarianism LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives Which of the following ideological positions would favor government ownership of the means of production and exchange?

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following ideological positions would favor government ownership of the means of production and exchange? A. Liberalism B. Conservatism C. Socialism D. Libertarianism LO 4.2 Back to learning objectives

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Extremist positions in U.S. politics ___________. A.force most politicians to take extremist positions on policy issues B.are less important in determining policy than moderate and centrist positions C.are more important in determining policy that moderate and centrist positions D.both A and C LO 4.3 Back to learning objectives

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Extremist positions in U.S. politics ___________. A.force most politicians to take extremist positions on policy issues B.are less important in determining policy than moderate and centrist positions C.are more important in determining policy that moderate and centrist positions D.both A and C LO 4.3 Back to learning objectives

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Text Credits 121: From “Obama More Popular Abroad Than at Home, Global Image of U.S. Continues to Benefit” July 2010, by Pew Global Attitudes Project. Copyright (c) 2010 by Pew Global Attitudes Project, a project of the Pew Research Center. Reprinted with permission.

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Photo Credits 104: Bettmann/Corbis; 107: Paul Conklin/Photoedit 109: Madalyn Ruggiero/AP Photo 113: Newscom 114: (left) EllenMcKnight/Alamy 114: (right) Bebeto Matthews/AP Photo 115: (top) Mario Tama/Getty Images 115: (bottom) Bettmann/Corbis 117: Chris Kleponis/Newcom 119: Jacquelyn Martin/AP Photo 120: Tim Sloan/AFP/Getty Images 122: Will Powers/AP Photo