1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Mrs. Browne  Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The West
Between the Wars
Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Mrs. Browne  Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Europe in 1919

3. Main Themes The Versailles Treaty (1919)
Article 231 “The War Guilt Clause”
Germany forced to pay reparations
De-militarized zone in the Rhineland
New nations created from old empires
Wilson’s 14 Points  created the League of Nations

4. Main themes What were the fears in Western Europe?
Fear of communism spreading
Fear that colonies would revolt for independence
Fear that Germany would NOT pay reparations
Fear that nations couldn’t rebuild fast enough to provide jobs for all
Fear that a new war would break out
Fear that they would be unable to return to “normalcy”

5. European debts to the united states

6. Collective
Security

7. League of nations members

8. Washington naval conference 1921-1922
The ratio of battleships allowed by nation:
U. S Britain Japan France Italy
Prevented a new arms race between the US, Britain & Japan!

9. Austin Chamberlain (Britain)
Locarno pact 1925
Austin Chamberlain (Britain)
Gustave Stresemann (Germany)
Aristide Briand (France)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

10. Locarno pact 1925

11. Kellogg-briand pact 1928
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem  no way of enforcement.

12. France

13. Main goal after WWI
Security!
Against Whom?
Why?
and How?

14. Finding security after wwi
Against Whom?
France wanted to keep Germany weak and Russian communism at a distance

15. Finding security after wwi
Why?
Germany fear of invasion (1870, 1914)
Russia fear of Bolshevism & communist revolution

16. Finding security after wwi
How?
1. Creation of the Little Entente
~ an alliance with Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia & Romania to replace the former alliance with Russia

17. Finding securityAfter WWI
How?
2. Build the Maginot Line

18. finding security after wwi
Where to build the Maginot Line?
Why?

19. Finding security: the maginot Line
WW2: The Maginot Line 1 - YouTube

20. The maginot line: why it failed in 1940
The line was constructed along the German border
The invasion occurred from the north through Belgium (again )

21. Finding security after WWI
How?
3. Political Decisions of the French Government
Disagreement amongst conservatives & liberals over how to best achieve these goals…… focus abroad ? focus domestically?
 27+ different cabinets were elected between !

22. Raymond poincare & the conservative right
He sent French troops into the Ruhr in 1923.
Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].
After :
New taxes
Spend less

23. Edouard herriot & the french socialists
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.

24. In your opinion, was security achieved?
Results for france?
In your opinion, was security achieved?
What do you think happens in the 1930’s?

25. England

26. “World War I changed British politics”
Main theme after wwi
“World War I changed British politics”

27. The Profound Change in British politics
In Britain…
1918 all men over 21 can now vote
1918 all women over 30 can now vote
1920’s economically depressed
Coal mining, ship building & steel most affected
Unemployment over 10%
Increase in government programs
The 2 main political parties differ on how to solve the economic problems

28. Stanley baldwin 1923, ,
Conservative Party

29. Changes in British Politics: The Conservatives
The Conservative Platform
Abandon free trade & use protective tariffs
Lower prices by cutting wages
Triggered the General Strike of 1926
Coal miners went on strike then others

30. 1926 general strike Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

31. 1st Prime Minister from the Labour Party
Ramsay macdonald 1924,
1st Prime Minister from the Labour Party

32. Changes in British Politics: The labour Party
Labour Platform
Wanted extensive social reform
Recognized the USSR in hopes if increasing trade
Trade agreement reached in August 1924

33. Changes in British Politics: the empire
India
Britain begins to discuss “eventual” self rule
Rise of Mohandas Gandhi & Indian National Congress (founded in 1885)
Gandhi and his followers begin a campaign of passive non-resistance based on the Hindu concept of ahimsa
* Salt March 1930
* Independence in 1947
* Gandhi assassinated on January 30th, 1948

34. Changes in British Politics: The Empire
Ireland
1914 Home Rule bill passed then delayed due to World War I
Easter Monday April 1916
Uprising begins in Dublin
Defeat and execution of nationalist leaders by the British triggers support of Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein , radical extremist group with its military wing known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

35. Changes in British Politics: The Empire
Ireland (cont’d)
January 21, 1919 Irish independence declared
guerilla war erupts between IRA and British army

36. Changes in British Politics: the Empire
Ireland (cont’d)
December 1921 the Irish Free State is created
The 6 northern provinces of Ulster remain part of Britain
Conflict continues until Good Friday Peace Accords in 1998!

37. The Change in British Politics
Has Britain’s role in world affairs been altered in the 1920’s- are they still the most powerful empire?
How will these changes affect Britain in the 1930’s?

38. Germany

39. wwi & defeat of the German reich
Kaiser William (Wilhelm) II abdicated on November 9, 1918
Germany is declared a republic AND then signs the armistice accepting German defeat in WWI
The Weimar Republic is created

40. German “revolutions” 1918

41. Post WWI Germany Was the Weimar Republic doomed to fail?
How should the demands of society be handled post-war?
Was the rise of Hitler inevitable?

42. Friedrich ebert: 1st president of the weimar republic

43. The Weimar Republic Written and put into effect in August 1919
One of its first official acts is to accept the Versailles Treaty
No presence at the peace conference
German people unaware of losses during war
“stabbed in the back theory” (belief that the military had been sold out by the politicians)

44. From the German point of View
 Lost—but not forgotten country.
Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

45. Maimed German WWI Veteran

46. The Weimar Republic Proportional representation for all elections
Constitutional flaws
Proportional representation for all elections
Presidential appointment & removal of the chancellor
Article 48: rule by decree in an emergency

47. The weimar republic
Lack of Broad Popular Support
Officer corps were resentful
Nationalistic Germans were strong supporters of the “stabbed in the back” theory
Psychological, social & economic effects of WWI devastated Germany
Violence, inflation, strikes, assassination attempts marred the first 5 years of the republic

48. The Weimar republic The Inflation Crisis
May 1921 Germany given a reparations bill for 132 billion gold marks
By this time the German mark was quickly losing its value
The French feared they would receive no payments  invaded the Ruhr
The Germans respond with economic passive resistance

49. The french in the ruhr : 1923

50. The french occupation of the ruhr

51. The german mark

52. The German mark & hyperinflation

53. The weimar republic: The Inflation Crisis
Results:
Middle class savings, pensions and insurance policies were wiped out
Farmers and food shop owners did well
In general, middle & lower classes were hit the hardest
Upheaval increases desire for ORDER & SECURITY

54. Rise of the Nazi party National Socialist German Worker’s Party
Twenty-five Points
Repudiation of the Versailles Treaty
Unification with Austria
Exclusion of Jews from citizenship
Agrarian reform
Confiscation of war profits
State administration of giant cartels

55. The beer hall putsch : 1923

56. The rise of the nazis Hitler becomes a national figure
Results of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler becomes a national figure
uses opportunity in trial to speak
Condemns the Republic, the economic situation, Jews, the Treaty of Versailles…..
The newspapers print the text of his speech which then spreads across Germany

57. The beer hall putsch idealized

58. Hitler in landesberg prison

59. Mein kampf [my struggle]

60. The Weimar Republic
The Republic …meanwhile… is still focused on the economy & attempts to revive Germany as a whole
Gustav Stressman (Chancellor & Foreign Minister)
Introduces a new German currency
Encourages the suppression of the Nazi’s and other extreme groups across the political spectrum
Works to have the Dawes Plan put into effect (1924)
Reaches Locarno Pact Agreements (1925)
Entrance into the League of Nations
Germany can seen as RESPECTABLE again

61. The dawes plan (1924)
The Dawes Plan reduced German reparations, coordinated payments with their ability to pay, and gave Germany loans to rebuild.
It was successful until 1929, when the US stock market crashed and the Great Depression began.

62. Political representation
Weimar germany:
Political representation
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec
May 1928
Sep. 1930
July 1932
Nov. 1932
Mar. 1933
Communist Party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89
100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 95
103 73 41 37 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
102
112
122 22 35 23

63. The Weimar republic Was the Weimar Republic doomed to failure?
Should they have responded to the people differently? Could they have?
Was Hitler’s rise inevitable?

64. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Soviet Union
aka
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

65. Soviet Leadership V.I. Lenin Josef Stalin 1921-1924 War Communism NEP
Cheka
Comintern
Josef Stalin
1924?- 1953
5 Year Plans
Collectivization
Great Purges
“Socialism in One Country”

66. Soviet Communism What are the basic principles of communism?
Based on Marx’s ideas
Revolution is necessary
All members of society were seen as equal women are equal to men
Command economy (top down)
Religion is suppressed
Limit free expression (in all forms)
On the political left side of the spectrum

67. Italy

68. Benito mussolini

69. Italian Fascism What are the basic ideas of fascism?
The state is supreme
Ultra-nationalist
Gender and class roles are rigid women are not equal!
Use religion as a tool of the state
Limit free expression (in all forms)
Elections are a sham
Seen on the political right of the spectrum

70. The
Great
Depression

71. The great depression
London in 1930
Paris in 1930

72. German unemployment

73. The great depression

74. Decrease in world trade

75. German election results in 1933

76. Rise of hitler 1. The Versailles Treaty
The rise of Hitler & the Nazi Party can be attributed to:
1. The Versailles Treaty
2. The inflation crisis of the 1920’s
3. The trial of Hitler
4. The Great Depression

77. Rise of hitler
The Nazi’s called for the “subordination of all economic enterprise to the welfare of the nation”
This implied protection for small businesses
This appealed to anyone experiencing economic difficulty
The popularity of the Nazi Party increases
The Nazi party began to call for lebensraum or “living space”
Germany must expand eastward (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Russia…)

78. rise of hitler
Reichstag Elections
1928: Nazis won 12 seats
1930: Nazis won 107 seats
1933: Nazis won 288 seats
The Nazis continue to hold mass rallies gaining support from business, military, and publicity in newspapers throughout Germany

79. Rise of hitler
In 1932
Hitler runs for President and gets over 30% of the vote!
Hitler wants to be appointed Chancellor but it does not happen
Other leaders in the government want to use Hitler for his popularity but don’t want to give him power if they can avoid it.

80. Rise of hitler Hitler is appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933
There is widespread fear of a civil war in Germany
Hitler is appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933
He promises security against the communists & socialists
He promises effective government
He promises a strong, restored Germany

81. Rise of hitler
In February 1933, a communist sets fire to the Reichstag building
Hitler uses this to invoke Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution which grants emergency powers!
Hitler has all suspected communists arrested
This decree is never revoked while Hitler is in power 

82. Rise of hitler
March 1933
Hitler and the Nazis pass the Enabling Act which lets Hitler rule by decree.
There were no legal limits on Hitler any longer
The Nazi Party seizes banks and newspapers
All other political parties are outlawed
All areas of opposition are gradually eliminated

83. Rise of hitler Consolidation of Power
Hitler has members of the SA (storm troopers) killed that he suspects might challenge him
More than 100 officers and their families were murdered
August 2, 1934 President Hindenburg dies
Hitler combines the position of Chancellor and President and becomes the sole ruler of Germany!

84. Hitler in power Hitler as Fuhrer
Use of the SS (schutzstaffel) or “protective force” to watch the people
Uses public works to employ people
Rearmament was key
Unemployment drops , support for Hitler increases

85. Hitler in power Like Mussolini, Hitler
Used education and the Hitler Youth organizations to teach about Nazi fascism
Focused on the role of women
Women were to raise Nazi families
those who did received more privileges from the party
Jobs for women were limited to those that fit the Nazi ideal

86. Hitler in power Anti-Semitism 1935: Nuremberg Laws
Jews were denied German citizenship
Definition of a Jew was created
Required the yellow star to be worn
Jews were forbidden to marry Germans
Jews were not allowed to teach

87. “Night of the Broken Glass”
Hitler in power
Kristallnacht
“Night of the Broken Glass”
November 9, 1938
Jewish synagogues and Jewish owned businesses were destroyed
many Jews were rounded up and sent to ghettos or other “holding” locations

88. Hitler & the nazis How was Hitler able to gain power in Germany?
How did Hitler use propaganda, anti-Semitism, and economic policy to build the Nazi State?
How were Hitler and Mussolini similar? Different?

89. Art
in the
1920s & 1930s

90. Themes in Art of the 1920’s & 1930’s
Uncertainty/insecurity.
Disillusionment.
The subconscious.
Violence & savagery

91. Dada Ridiculed contemporary culture & traditional art forms.
Focused on the collapse during (and after) WW I of social and moral values.

92. George grosz
Grey day
1921
DaDa

93. Cubism
The subject matter is broken down, analyzed, and reassembled in abstract form.
The artist should treat nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.

94. Picasso’s studio with a plaster head 1925
Cubism

95. Georges braque’s still life lejuer 1929
Cubism

96. Surrealism Late 1920s-1940s. Grew out of the genre of DaDa.
Influenced by Freud’s theories on psychoanalysis and the subconscious.
Confusing & startling images like those in dreams.

97. Apparition of a face and fruit dish on a beach
Salvador Dali
Apparition of a face and fruit dish on a beach
1938
Surrealism

98. Conclusion What are some of the main events of the 1920’s?
How do the 1920’s affect decisions made in the 1930’s?

99. The “new napoleons” ?