1. Great Depression and the New Political Experiments

2. Major Generalizations  Europe struggled to maintain peace and democracy.  Rise of Totalitarianism to solve economic and social problems.  Use of Mass Communication to mobilize populations.

3. WWI Aftermath  France tried to enforce the Treaty of Versailles  League of Nation lacked muscle  Ethnic minority problems in eastern Europe  Short trend toward democracy in Eastern Europe; moved slowly  Women’s rights increased  Conservatives & socialist tried to eliminate democracy

4. GREAT DEPRESSION CAUSES:  Global economy  Disrupted Markets  High inflation  Agriculture Depression  Reparations  Credit Financing

5. Great Depression Effects  35% were unemployed in U.S. & Germany  Global Bank Failures  Currency depreciation; all states off the gold standard  Democratic countries hurt the most  John M. Keyes-said gov’t needs to aid needy, cut taxes and work on the deficit finances; called ‘Keynesian’ economics…flourished starting in 1945.  United Kingdom- Ireland & Egypt become independent  United States- FDR creates ‘New Deal’; WWII will bring U.S. out of depression  Scandinavia- Used a mixture of socialism and democracy to improve economy

6. The Great Depression [1929-1941] Paris in 1930 London in 1930

7. Maimed German WW I Veteran

8. German Unemployment: 1929-1938

9. The Great Depression [1929-1941]

10. German-Weimar Republic  Faced economic & political problems  Influential Germans HATED government  Several attempts by extremist to overthrow government; not working class  Blamed government for ‘Diktat’ of Treaty of Versailles  Reparation payment falls behind;  France decides to invade Ruhr Valley for steel and coal as payment; workers passively resist  Dawes Plans created by U.S.

11. Dawes Plan

12. European Debts to the United States

13. Weimar Government  Hyperinflation- overnight, value of mark collapses  Beer Hall Putsch- Hitler tries to overthrow gov’t; failed, jailed & writes Mien Kampf(1924) which outlined racial ideas and goals of Germany  Locarno Pact- (1925) truly ends WWI;  establishes western (w/o Alsace-Lorraine) & eastern border (Czech. & Poland);  allows Germany into League of Nations  Kellogg-Briand Pact- (1928) denounces war by League of Nations

15. Locarno Pact: 1925 Gustave Stresemann (Ger.) Aristide Briand (Fr.) Austin Chamberlain (Br.)  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

16. Totalitarianism  Exploited mass media to mobilize public to create support for new government  Differed from past absolute monarchs  Controlled all aspects of society; lacked individuality

17. Left & Right Political Systems

18. Economic Politics

19. Rise of the Nazi’s Why?  Economic distress  Weakness of Weimar government  Appeals to Nationalism  Fear of Communism  Anti-Semitism views  Leadership of Hitler (State based on race)

20. Hitler  Hitler- Hated Jews & ‘Mongrels’ (Hapsburg empire-due to its diversity)  Called for Lebensraum- living space in the east  After WWI, joined National Socialist Party (Nazi’s)  Blamed problems on Treaty of Versailles; vowed to restore honor  Used propaganda and speeches to get the younger Germans on Nazi side.  By 1932, Nazi’s were majority of Reichstag  Hitler is seen as best hope for defeat of communism  By 1933, Hitler is appointed as Chancellor

21. Hitler and the Nazi’s  Banned all political parties (except Nazi’s)  Used violence and intimidation  Enabling & Civil Service Acts (1933)-makes Hitler dictator; enforces all gov’t employees to swear an oath to Hitler  Blood Purge- (1934) killed opposition leaders  Gestapo & SS(Schutzstaffel)- secret police; arrested opposition, ran concentration camps to create Aryan race

22. Hitler continued  Helped economy by becoming self sufficient & created public works  Hitler’s Youth (boys) & League of German Maidens (girls) created.  Nuremburg Laws- (1935) defined who a Jew was; stripped citizenship; prohibited sexual relations with ‘Aryans’.  Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)-1938- Violence toward Jews; synagogues, business’s and houses torched; Jews killed and arrested  Sterilization- killing those that are mentally ill, physically unfit, etc.  T-4 Program- Killing of 200,000 between 1939-41 in Genocide program based on Mein Kampf