1. 4-1 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Chapter 4 Academic conventions: referencing and avoiding plagiarism

2. 4-2 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Learning objectives On completion of this chapter students will know how to:  understand the ethical underpinnings of academic scholarship and research in the Australian/New Zealand context  value the integral nature of referencing for all academic work  be able to use summarising, paraphrasing and quoting in the development of an academic research paper.

3. 4-3 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Learning objectives (cont.)  understand the need to incorporate their ‘voice’ in academic argument  be able to use connecting words and reporting verbs appropriately  have the skills to use both the first and the third person in academic writing, depending on course requirements  appreciate the importance of establishing good administrative systems for note-taking and referencing.

4. 4-4 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Educational integrity  Educational integrity is based on the premise that students and teachers in any learning institution will adhere to honest methods of teaching, learning and assessment even when they are faced with adverse or stressful situations.

5. 4-5 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Educational integrity (cont.)  Five major tenets of educational integrity: – honesty – trust – fairness – respect – responsibility (www.academicintegrity.org/)www.academicintegrity.org/  Students need to take responsibility for their education by: – preparing for class, assignments and exams – avoiding cheating – referencing sources appropriately – refraining from any activities that will compromise the integrity of their learning experience.

6. 4-6 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Why study at university?  The aim of studying in a university setting is not to acquire a degree by any means possible but to apply the knowledge we gain in prospective jobs or our life in general.  Any degree is partly meant to benefit the individual who acquired it and partly meant to benefit the society this individual will work in.

7. 4-7 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Importance of referencing  The first step towards achieving educational integrity is learning to reference correctly.  Referencing enhances your writing and helps the reader by: – showing the breadth of your research – strengthening your academic argument – showing the reader your source of information – allowing the reader to consult and verify your sources independently.

8. 4-8 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Using references  In an academic record references must be provided whenever you use someone’s ideas, opinions or words. That is, when you: – ‘quote’ (use their exact words) – copy (use graphs, figures, tables) – paraphrase (use their idea in your own words) – summarise (give a brief account of their ideas).

9. 4-9 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Activity 1  Complete the ‘Using sources’ quiz on p. 63 of your textbook.

10. 4-10 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia ‘Blue chair theory’

11. 4-11 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Harvard referencing  Keep a copy of the referencing guide with you (Appendix 1, p. 325) and check it constantly when you are organising the references for any assignment.  There are two main parts to the author-date system: – in-text reference: acknowledges the information used in the text. – reference list: lists all the sources cited in the text.

12. 4-12 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Harvard referencing (cont.)  To acknowledge a source within the text of an assignment or report, state the following: – author’s family name – year of publication – page numbers (especially when you quote, paraphrase or copy).

13. 4-13 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia In-text referencing There are two ways of citing references:  Author-prominent – Gives prominence to the author by using the author’s name as part of the sentence, with the date and page number in brackets. E.g. Smith (1992, p. 5) has argued that ‘the relative seriousness of the two kinds of errors differs from situation to situation’.  Information-prominent – Gives prominence to the information, with all the details in brackets. E.g. It has been argued that ‘the relative seriousness of the two kinds of errors differs from situation to situation’ (Smith 1992, p. 5).

14. 4-14 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Page numbers  Page numbers are one of the three ‘must-dos’ of the author-date system.  Page numbers must be used whenever you quote, copy, paraphrase or summarise an idea from a particular page or pages.  Note: Web pages do not have page numbers.

15. 4-15 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Referencing broad ideas  You do not have to give the page number if you have summarised a large portion of an author’s work or if the idea is a general one gleaned from a large work.

16. 4-16 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Referencing online sources  In-text references do not include the URL. Use the same principles (author, date, page) that you use for other in-text references. – E.g. One researcher has suggested that new technology will radically alter tertiary education (Brown 1995). NB. The page number is not usually available for online documents. In this case, simply state the author (or the organisation) and the date. Give the full URL in the reference list. It is equivalent to a page number.

17. 4-17 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Referencing online sources (cont.)  If a Web page has no author, use the sponsoring (or publishing) body. – E.g. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation employs 6500 staff at Australian and international locations (CSIRO 2003).  If there is no author or organisation use the title of the web page and the date in-text.

18. 4-18 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Reference list  The reference list is arranged: – alphabetically – at the end of the essay, article or report – on a separate page – only with references that have been referred to in your work (not everything you have read on the topic) – using consistent punctuation and layout (see Appendix 1).

19. 4-19 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Listing books  Include the following information in this order: – author’s surname and initials – year of publication – publisher – place of publishing  E.g. Rayner, K. & Pollatsek, A. 1989, The Psychology of Reading, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.

20. 4-20 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Listing journal articles  Include the following information in order: – author’s surname and initials – year of publication – title of article (in quotation marks) – title of journal (in italics) – volume number (if applicable) – issue number (if applicable) – page number(s).

21. 4-21 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Listing online sources  Include the following information in order: – the author (editor or compiler) (If there is no author use the publishing or sponsoring body.) – date (of creation or most recent update) – title of the Web document (this may be in italics or in ‘quote marks’) – publishing or sponsoring body (do not use this twice if you have used this as ‘author’) – date accessed – the FULL URL link.

22. 4-22 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Important  It is not enough to simply add a reference list to the end of an essay or report.  Do not give one reference at the end of a paragraph!  All references in the list must match your in- text references.  Double-check that you have used a consistent and correct punctuation style in the reference list.

23. 4-23 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Activity 2  Complete the ‘Referencing’ quiz on pp 69–70 of your textbook.

24. 4-24 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia What is plagiarism?  Plagiarism is to take someone else’s words or ideas and present them as your own. For example: – using someone else’s ideas or words without referencing – using a direct quote without referencing (note: you need to show a quotation by using ‘quotation marks’) – copying another student’s work and submitting it as your own – submitting another student’s work in whole or in part.

25. 4-25 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia What is plagiarism? (cont.) – submitting work which has been written by someone else on your behalf – using lecture/tutorial notes without referencing (including lecture notes from another course/institution) – paraphrasing work by only changing a few words (you still need to give the full reference for paraphrases).

26. 4-26 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Penalties for plagiarism  Plagiarism is considered to be serious academic dishonesty.  Penalties can include: – a note on your student file – a formal reprimand from a senior academic – failure in the assignment or exam (including a score of ‘zero’) – failure in the subject or course – expulsion from the course – suspension or expulsion from the university.

27. 4-27 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Activity 3  Complete the ‘Plagiarism attitude scale’ on pp 72–73 of your textbook.

28. 4-28 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Strategies to avoid plagiarism  Referencing (discussed above; see guides to referencing styles in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2)  Direct quotation  Summarising  Paraphrasing  Developing your own ‘voice’ in academic writing

29. 4-29 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Strategies to avoid plagiarism (cont.)  Using connecting words and phrases carefully  Using reporting verbs appropriately  Writing in academic style  Developing an argument  Establishing efficient scheduling and administrative systems

30. 4-30 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Referencing  Keep a copy of the referencing guide (Appendix 1, p. 325) with you as you write every draft of your assignment.  Use a card index system to help you keep track of your references.  Use a software package such as ‘Endnote’ to catalogue references.

31. 4-31 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Direct quotation  A quotation is an excerpt of the exact words of a source, presented as they originally appeared, and enclosed within ‘quotation marks’. – Quotations longer than 20 words are indented and therefore do not need quotation marks. – All quotations need a full reference, including author’s name, year of publishing and page number.

32. 4-32 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Direct quotation (cont.)  Only use a quotation when it contributes to the argument you are developing in your essay.  Ask yourself: – Does the quotation support my argument? – Is it memorable? – Does it add weight of an authority? – Is the quotation necessary because it provides the specific details of a law or regulation?

33. 4-33 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Summarising  See Chapter 2 for full details on how to summarise.  A summary gives the main points or ideas of an article, clearly and concisely in your own words.  A good summary follows the organisation of the text.  Ask yourself: – What point is the author actually making? – What ideas or evidence are used to support this point?

34. 4-34 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Paraphrasing  See Chapter 2 for full details on how to paraphrase.  To paraphrase means to read and understand a piece of source material and then rewrite it in your own way.  The exact meaning of the source is kept, but the way the meaning is expressed is changed.

35. 4-35 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Paraphrasing (cont.)  You need to: – change the grammatical structure – rearrange the sequence of information – use different words (except for specific terms) – use your own style – provide a reference to the original source (e.g. Hamp-Lyons & Courter 1984, p. 3).

36. 4-36 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Developing your own ‘voice’  Voice’ refers to the argument and the purpose of the writer.  The student/writer should be constantly asking: – Who is saying this?  Is this my own view or the view of another writer/researcher?  If it is my view have I made that clear to the reader?  If it is the view of someone else is that obvious to the reader?

37. 4-37 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Developing your own ‘voice’ (cont.)  A student’s ‘voice’ guides the reader through an essay by: – explaining the ideas of other writers – identifying a key idea and presenting evidence from published work to support it – comparing and contrasting the ideas of writers – summarising the ideas of one or more published writers – using the work of one or more writers to indicate why the student disagrees with a particular perspective or point.

38. 4-38 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Using connecting words and phrases  Some connecting words and connecting phrases may confuse the voice of the writer with that of a referenced source. – E.g. therefore, unless, clearly, as a result, nevertheless, it follows that.  The writer must make very clear who is making the connection between one idea and the next.

39. 4-39 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Using connecting words and phrases (cont.)  Whose opinion is expressed in the following extract (yours or the referenced research)? How is the connector ‘therefore’ confusing? – Smith (1997, p. 2) argues that accountants as a professional group lack an ethical framework. Therefore, all accounting courses should include an introduction to basic ethics.  How could you rewrite this to indicate that the opinion is yours?  How could you rewrite it to indicate that the opinion is Smith’s?

40. 4-40 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Examples of clear ‘voice’  Your opinion: – Smith (1997, p. 2) argues that accountants as a professional group lack an ethical framework. Using Smith’s argument as a basis, it could therefore be concluded that all accounting courses should include an introduction to basic ethics.  Smith’s opinion: – Smith (1997, p. 2) argues that accountants as a professional group lack an ethical framework. The author further suggests that all accounting courses should include an introduction to basic ethics (Smith 1997, p. 7).

41. 4-41 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Reporting verbs  Choosing appropriate nouns and verbs is important in conveying a particular perspective.  Be very precise in your choice of words to present research.

42. 4-42 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Reporting verbs (cont.)  Two main types of reporting verbs: 1. Neutral verb  Simply passes on what a cited author has written and does not indicate your own opinion or interpretation.  Example: Gabbott (2004) states that people want a brand so that they can bond with the product beyond the simple functional level (p. 265). 2. Interpretative verb  Indicate your opinion or interpretation.  Example: Gabbott (2004) claims that people want a brand so that they can ‘bond’ with the product beyond the simple functional level (p. 265).

43. 4-43 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Activity 4  Which of the following verbs are neutral and which are interpretative? (Some may be used for both purposes.) maintain challenge claim outline argue doubt remark report demonstrate describe agree question clarify show state

44. 4-44 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Using reporting verbs in academic writing  The following sentences use reporting verbs inappropriately. Why? – Batey (2002, p. 85) says that ‘All brands have a body and soul’. – Batey (2002, p. 87) mentions that whether more weight is given to emotional or rational values depends on the kind of brand being promoted. – Batey (2002) tells us that there is not much difference in quality between Japanese and South Korean brands.

45. 4-45 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Writing in academic style  Most business research papers are written in the third person.  The idea is to focus on the information itself, not on the writer or the reader. Incorrect example – ‘We want a brand so that people can bond with a product at other than the simple functional level.’ (Gabbott 2004, p. 266)

46. 4-46 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Writing in academic style (cont.)  This could be rewritten in several ways, so that the information is emphasised: Correct examples: – Brands enable people to bond with a product at other than the simple functional level (Gabbott 2004, p. 266). – People bond with a product beyond the simple functional level because of its brand (Gabbott 2004, p. 266).

47. 4-47 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Using your voice in early drafts  Although objective language is a mark of academic writing, giving yourself permission to use ‘I’ may help you develop your own voice or position in relation to a question/topic.  The ‘I’ makes you write your ideas, thoughts and convictions and helps you to find clarity.

48. 4-48 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Using your voice in early drafts (cont.)  Use ‘I’ in first drafts only. – For example, every time you give your opinion, view or idea, start the sentence with:  ‘I think…’  ‘In my opinion…’  ‘I agree/disagree with…’ etc. – During this first draft process, differentiate the views of other researchers by starting sentences with:  ‘According to…’  ‘X says…’  ‘One study found that…’

49. 4-49 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Edit in academic style  In subsequent edited drafts, change the ‘I’ to the third person (academic style). – ‘I think…’ = ‘The research suggests…’ – ‘In my opinion…’ = ‘It is apparent that…’ – ‘I agree…’ = ‘The evidence makes it clear…’

50. 4-50 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Rewrite in academic style 1.My research has shown that branding saves consumer search time. 2.To determine consumer preferences, we developed a questionnaire to be completed by each participant. 3.The questionnaire was based on our review of the literature. 4.We questioned the rationale for the change in advertising policy. 5.You should verify the accuracy of this report by asking the directors to review the information.

51. 4-51 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Develop an argument  Refer to Chapters 1, 2 and 3 for full details on how to develop an argument.  Review: – Closely analyse the topic/question. – Develop an essay plan based on careful reading and note-taking. – Ensure that a central ‘thesis’ is evident from the introduction. – Use topic sentences for each paragraph. – Write a conclusion that summarises your position.

52. 4-52 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Establish efficient scheduling and administrative systems  Plagiarism is not always a deliberate act of academic dishonesty.  It often occurs because students have not developed adequate organisational skills to ensure that: – their various assignments are carefully scheduled to meet deadlines – all sources used in those assignments are easily accessible to double-check details for references.

53. 4-53 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Efficient scheduling 1.At the beginning of each semester, plot all of your assessment items on a semester or yearly planner. 2.Use an electronic calendar such as the one provided in Outlook, or an old-fashioned wall calendar. 3.Ensure that the assessment calendar is constantly visible. 4.Using your preferred calendar, schedule key dates for each assignment.

54. 4-54 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Efficient scheduling (cont.) 5.Schedule the various activities you need to complete for each assignment (e.g. reading, note-taking, drafting) and note any family/social commitments. (See example on p. 82 of your textbook.) 6.Allocate time according to the percentage value of the assignment. 7.Keep in mind the nature of the assignment (e.g. research essay vs. short answer assignment).

55. 4-55 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Efficient scheduling (cont.) 8.Use a system of symbols or colours to highlight important dates or to group activities. 9.Try to schedule small or easier tasks on weekends so you have time to relax. 10.Plan your social calendar after you have organised your study schedule.

56. 4-56 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Good administrative systems  Develop a system (such as index note cards or a software program) to keep track of all your references.  Write full bibliographic details on all notes, summaries and drafts.  Include full in-text references from the very first draft.  Do not simply add a reference list to the end of an essay or report.

57. 4-57 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Good administrative systems (cont.)  All references in the list must match your in- text references.  Double-check that you have used a consistent punctuation style in the reference list.  Allow at least one hour per 1000 words to finalise referencing.

58. 4-58 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Summary  Academic integrity is essential in a successful learning experience.  Academic misconduct in the form or plagiarism will attract severe penalties from Australian/NZ universities.

59. 4-59 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Summary (cont.)  Some strategies to avoid plagiarism include: – referencing – quoting, summarising and paraphrasing – using connectors and reporting verbs appropriately – developing an argument – differentiating your ‘voice’ from the cited sources – developing efficient scheduling and administrative systems.

60. 4-60 Copyright  2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills for International Students in Business, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia Activities 5–8  Complete Activities 10, 11, 12 and 13 in your textbook.