1. Warm Up What are some examples of living things?
Describe the characteristics of living things

2. Unit 2: Objectives
Identify the levels of biological organization and explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in biotechnology research and product development
Discuss the types of organisms researched and the types of cells grown and studied in biotechnology facilities plus the products with which they are associated
Distinguish between the cellular organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
List the four main classes of macromolecules and describe their structure and function
Define genetic engineering and identify products created with this technology
Explain the Central Dogma of Biology and its importance in genetic engineering

3. Unit 2.1 Organisms and Their Components
To manufacture biotechnology products, biotechnicians must work with organisms and their components.
These are the “raw materials” of biotechnology.

4. Examples of “Raw Materials”
Molecule: Antibody used to treat patients with diseases
Cell: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Multicellular organisms:
Frost resistant strawberry plants
Increase genetic diversity of endangered animals

5. Working in any area of biotechnology requires…
Understanding of the characteristics of life
Structures that compose organisms

6. Example: Developing pesticide resistant soybean plant
Understand normal soybean growth and factors that influence it
Recognize normal stem, root, and flower development in soybeans
Understand chemical structure of pesticide molecules and how these will interact with the cells and tissues
Development of antibiotics (Medical application)
Understand the behavior of the microorganism
Recognize the chemical structure of antibiotic
Interaction of antibiotic with receptors on microorganism

7. Content Knowledge Minimum requirement: Basic biochemistry Cytology
Chemistry of living things
Cytology
Cell biology
Anatomy
Structure
Physiology
Function

8. The Living Condition Living things include:
Plants
Animals
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoans
Popular research organisms used in Biotech:
Soy beans, cotton, fruit flies, worms, cows, chicks, zebrafish, mice, rats, yeast and bacteria

9. The Living Condition Characteristics of life: Growth Reproduction
Response to stimuli
Breakdown of food molecules (respiration)
Production of waste products

10. Levels of Biological Organization
Unicellular Organism
Organism composed of only ONE cell
Example: Bacteria, algae, protozoans
Use a microscope to view unicellular organism
Biotech application: E.coli used in genetic engineering experiments

11. Levels of Biological Organization
Multicellular Organisms
Cells of multicellular organisms are grouped into functional units:
Tissues are group of cells that function together (e.g. Muscular or nervous tissue)
Organs are tissues that act together to form a specific function in an organism
(e.g. liver and stomach)

13. Levels of Biological Organization
Atoms are the smallest unit of matter
Atoms make up molecules
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids
Molecules are the building block of cells
Cells function in groups called tissues
Tissues function together in organs
Organs make up the organ systems
Organ systems work together in multicellular organism

14. Cells Smallest units of life
Contain smaller, nonliving units known as organelles
Cannot exist outside the cell
Specialized microscopic factories with specific jobs
Example: Mitochondrion create energy for the cell
Composed of molecules and atoms (building blocks)
Too small to be seen with a conventional microscope

15. In a cell… Different kinds of molecules are produced
Sugars
Starches
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Function of these molecules include:
Regulation of cell activity
Storage
Transportation
Many of these are part of the structure of organelles.
Proteins are the most common molecules of cells.
Example: Insulin from pancreas cells, growth hormone from pituitary cells

16. Vocabulary Organism – a living cell
Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all living organisms
Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly used by biotechnology companies for the development of products
Multicellular – composed of more than one cell
Cytology – cell biology
Anatomy – study of the structure and organization of living things
Physiology – the processes and functions of living things
Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules with the result of generating energy for the cell
Unicellular – composed of one cell
Tissue – a group of cells that function together (eg, muscle tissue or nervous tissue)
Organ – tissues that act together to form a specific function in an organism (eg, stomach that breaks down food)

17. Vocabulary
Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)
Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles
Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
Organelles – specialized microscopic factories, each with a specific job in a cell
Mitochondria – membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for generating cellular energy
Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules
Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as “information-carrying molecules”
Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes fats, waxes, steroids, and oils
Pancreas – an organ that secretes digestive fluids as well as insulin
Hormone – a molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions

18. 2.1 Review Questions
Give an example of a plant that has been produced by biotechnology.
Knowledge of what other disciplines of science will improve the understanding of biotechnology?
Describe two characteristics of living things.
Which of the following is considered to be “alive”: organs, molecules, atoms, cells, or organisms?

19. Activity: Popular research organisms used in biotechnology/biomedical research
Background:
Popular model organisms have strong advantages for experimental research, and become even more useful when other scientists have already worked on them, discovering techniques, genes and other useful information

20. Activity: Popular research organism used in biotechnology/biomedical research
Instruction:
Each group will be required to research on a model organism
Use the articles on “History of model organism” & “Model organism” provided and internet research to learn about your model organism.
You will be required to present and teach the class about your selected model organism next class period.

21. Activity: Popular research organism used in Biotechnology/Biomedical Research
List of model organism:
Fruit fly (Drosopila)
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Mouse
Rat
Zebrafish
Chicken
Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Yeast

22. Activity: Popular research organism used in Biotechnology/Biomedical Research
Discuss:
Background information
Types of biotech/biomedical research performed using the organism
Provide one or more specific example
Reasons on why the model organism is chosen for that particular type of research

23. Activity: Popular research organism used in biotech/biomedical research
Poster or PowerPoint presentation
Rubric for presentation
Rubric for poster/PowerPoint slides