1. Chapter 1
Cells

2. A. The cell is the basic unit of life.
I. Living things are different from nonliving things.
A. Living things have 5 characteristics.
1. Organization
a. Organisms are organized in ways that help them meet their own Individual needs.

3. 2. Ability to develop 3. Ability to respond to the environment 4
2. Ability to develop 3. Ability to respond to the environment 4. Ability to reproduce 5. Ability to use energy

4. B. 3 things all organisms need for life are 1. Energy
a. Your body needs energy to function.
b. All organisms need a steady supply of energy to stay alive.
2. Raw materials
a. Your body needs certain materials necessary for life functions and staying alive.

5. b. These raw materials include carbon
b. These raw materials include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and water.
3. Living space
a. All organisms need living space to live and grow.
C. If any of the three needs for life are missing, an organism will die.

6. II. All organisms are made of cells.
1. The cell is the smallest living unit of an organism.
2. Organisms made up of a single cell are called unicellular organisms.
a. Unicellular organisms have the same needs and characteristics of all living things.
b. Unicellular organisms each perform all the activities that characterize life.

7. III. The microscope led to the discovery of cells.
3. Organisms made up of more than one cell (or many cells) are called multicellular organisms.
a. Multicellular organisms have many different cells that each has a specific function.
b. In multicellular organisms many cells work together to carry out the basic activities of life.
III. The microscope led to the discovery of cells.

8. 2. Robert Hooke discovered the cell and gave the cell its name.
1. A microscope is an instrument that uses glass lenses to magnify an object.
2. Robert Hooke discovered the cell and gave the cell its name.

12. 3. Anton Van Leeuwenhock was one of the first people to describe living cells.

15. IV. Where do cells come from. 1. All living matter is made up of cells
IV. Where do cells come from? 1. All living matter is made up of cells. 2. All cells divide to produce new cells. 3. Life comes from life. Cells come from other living cells. 4. The cell theory resulted from many scientist’s observations and conclusions.

16. V. The cell theory is important to the study of biology.
a. Three concepts of the cell theory are:
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms.
3. All cells come from other living cells.
V. The cell theory is important to the study of biology.

17. 1. A scientific theory is a widely accepted explanation of things observed in nature.
2. Louis Pasteur’s work showed that microscopic organisms were involved in food spoilage and in disease.
a. Louis Pasteur developed a technique to kill the bacteria in milk (and other food products)
called Pasteurization.
3. Spontaneous generation is the belief that organisms grow from nonliving things.

18. I. The microscope is an important tool.
4. Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
B. Microscope
I. The microscope is an important tool.
1. The invention of the light microscope led to the discovery of cells and to the development of the cell theory.
a. A light microscope uses lenses to bend light and magnify objects.

19. 1. Cells have many different shapes and sizes.
b. One important advantage of a light microscope is that scientists can observe living things or organisms.
II. Cells are diverse.
1. Cells have many different shapes and sizes.
a. Every cell has a cell membrane.

20. 1. Cell membrane is the protective
1. Cell membrane is the protective covering enclosing the entire cell that controls whatever enters and leaves the cell.
b. The cell membrane encloses and contains the cytoplasm.
1. Cytoplasm is a thick gelatin-like material contained within the cell membrane.
2. Most of the work of the cell is carried out in the cytoplasm.
c. The two types of cells are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

21. 1. eukaryotic cells are cells with membrane bound organelles. 2
1. eukaryotic cells are cells with membrane bound organelles. 2. Prokaryotic cells are cells without membrane bound organelles. 3. Organelle is any part of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane and carries on a function. 4. Most unicellular organisms are prokaryotic. 5. Most multicellular organisms are eukaryotic.

22. III. Parts of a eukaryotic cell. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic
III. Parts of a eukaryotic cell. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic. 1. Nucleus is the largest organelle and stores the DNA. 2. Surrounding the nucleus is the cytoplasm. 3. The cell membrane is the boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell.

23. 4. The cell wall is a protective outer covering that is just outside the cell membrane of plant cells. A. Parts of the cell that process information. 1. The nucleus contains the genetic information a cell needs to function. 2. Ribosomes use the information from the nucleus to build protein molecules.

24. B. Organelles that provide energy. 1. All cells need energy to function. 2. Plants get their energy directly from the sun. 3. Chloroplasts capture sunlight energy and us it to make glucose. 4. Animals do not have chloroplasts.

25. 5. The energy plant and animal cells use is made available by the mitochondria. 6. Mitochondria are the organelles that use oxygen to get the energy from breaking down food molecules. C. Organelles that process and transport.

26. 1. Endoplasmic reticulum transports materials in the cell in packages called vesicles. 2. The vesicles take the materials to the golgi apparatus for further processing. C. Organelles for storage and removal. 1. Vacuoles are enclosed by a membrane and can store water, wastes, and other materials inside of the cell.

27. IV. Different cells perform different functions.
2. Vacuoles function to move materials into or out of the plant cell.
3. Animal cells do not have vacuoles.
4. Animal cells have lysosomes.
5. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain chemicals that breakdown materials in the cell and breakdown old cells and old cell parts.
IV. Different cells perform different functions.
A. Organisms can be classified by their cell type.

28. 2. The three types of domains are:
1. A domain is a broad category of organisms that is based on cell characteristics.
2. The three types of domains are:
1. Archaea- are similar to bacteria but live in areas of extreme conditions.
2. Bacteria- Is a large group of one-celled organisms that sometimes cause disease.

29. 3. Eukarya- are organisms that have cells with a nucleus. a
3. Eukarya- are organisms that have cells with a nucleus. a. This domain includes most multicellular organisms. b. This domain also includes unicellular organisms called protists. B. Cells can specialize. 1. In a unicellular organism one cell does all the work to maintain the organisms. 2. A multicellular organism has specialized cells.

30. 3. In multicellular organisms the cells share the. work
3. In multicellular organisms the cells share the work. Different types of cells perform different function.

31. C. organization of life of a multicellular organism. 1
C. organization of life of a multicellular organism. 1. Cell- is the smallest unit of life. 2. Tissue- is a group similar cells grouped together to do a specific job. 3. Organ- is a group of tissues grouped together that do the same job. 4. Organ system- is a group of organs working together to complete a function. 5. Organism- is all of the organ systems.

32. Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism