1. Development and Health Differences in development within ELDCs or… Why simple development indicators may not reflect the true quality of life within a country. R. Livingstone Dunoon Grammar School 2008

2. The quick answer is …that indicators of development may fail to reflect the true quality of life within a country, because they are averages which often mask inequalities or large variations… These variations can be divided into three groups - regional, rural-urban and individual. Remember that such questions usually refer to ELDCs (Economically Less Developed Countries), so don’t use any EMDCs in your answer. If you don’t know what these abbreviations mean, then you need to find out before you go any further!

3. Variations within a country regional variationsrural-urban variations e.g. India, Brazile.g: Brazil individual variations by genderby social class Lack of women’s rights e.g: Saudi Arabian royal family, India’s caste system e.g Afghanistan

4. Variations within a country regional variationsrural-urban variations e.g. India, Brazile.g: Brazil individual variations by genderby social class Lack of women’s rights e.g: Saudi Arabian royal family, India’s caste system e.g Afghanistan

5. 1. Regional variations Example: Brazil

6. 1 Centre-west 2 Northeast 3 North 4 Southeast 5 Southern Brazil’s regions

8. Regional inequalities in Brazil. South-eastSouthCentre-westNorth-eastNorth % households with electricity 98.097.093.078.060.0 Hospital beds per 1000 people 4.24.14.33.12.3 % illiteracy rate of children 10- 14 years old in urban areas. 1.7 2.113.05.9 % of population under 18 years old 37.038.042.047.048.0 Source: SQA Higher exam paper 2003

9. Similarly, the more useful combined statistic of HDI (Human Development Index) shows the range of living standards across Brazil.

10. The lowest IMR and highest GDP per capita are found in the south and south east.

11. Why the variation?

12. The south and south east regions contain the main concentration of important natural resources, such as coal and bauxite, along with the best soils for farming and coffee growing. They also have the most pleasant climate. The importance of coastal location and links with Portugal (Brazil’s colonial master) were early location factors for the main concentration of cities and ports.

13. Amazonia - hot, wet and very humid all year The north-east: suffers frequent droughts Cooled by the Atlantic, the coastal area enjoys the most pleasant climate The Brazilian Highlands in the Centre west have a cooler, less humid climate

14. …so there is a big difference in living standards in the various regions of Brazil – the gulf between rich and poor is enormous…

15. From the beautiful beaches and high rise apartments of Rio…

16. …to the vast, underdeveloped Amazon rainforest…

17. …to the deserts of the north-east

18. Recap - Brazil Brazil has enormous regional differences In fact, it is one of the most unequal countries in the world The gap between the rich and poor is bigger than in most other countries This gives it a high Gini Coefficient (about 0.6 or 60%), the statistical measure of inequality. The south east is the most developed area: the North (Amazonia), the least.

19. Variations within a country regional variationsrural-urban variations e.g. Indiae.g: Brazil individual variations by genderby social class Lack of women’s rights e.g: Saudi Arabian royal family, India’s caste system

20. 2. Rural - Urban variations Example: India urban areas are generally more prosperous, rural areas generally poorer.

21. India 2005-06UrbanRural Probability of dying <5 years of age (under five mortality) per 1,000 live births [1999] 65.4111.4 Children 12-23 with all recommended vaccines (%) 68 50 Infant Mortality Rate (/1000 live births) 2251 Ever married adults (15-49) who ever heard of HIV/AIDS (%) Men: 96.5 Women: 89.2 Men: 83.9 Women: 70.0 Women 20-24 who were married by age 18 (%) [Prior to legal age of marriage for women] 28.9 48.9 Total Fertility Rate (children/woman)1.91 2.30 Mothers with at least 3 antenatal care visits for last birth (%) 86.365.5 Births assisted by doctor or nurse or TBA (trained birth attendant) % 87.656.5 Mothers receiving postnatal care within 2 days of delivery by trained health personnel (%) 70.448.7 Below Normal BMI (Body Mass Index) % Men: 17.3 Women: 20.7 Men: 31.8 Women: 43 Overweight or Obese (%) Men: 24.4 Women: 27.4 Men: 8.3 Women: 8.0 Children 6-35 months with anemia (%)65.776.8 Married women who participate in household decisions (%) 71.057.2

22. Life in many parts of rural India has changed little in hundreds of years…

23. …in some states, conditions can be especially difficult…

24. …with little access to clean water, education or health care…

25. …while in cities such as India’s main port, Mumbai, the standard of living for many is much higher…

26. India has a growing number of millionaires, even a few billionaires Look out in the future for major brand names from India – such as Tata (vehicles) and Kingfisher (airline, beer) This wealth is largely confined to the urban centres of India. Vijay Mallya is the chairman of the United Breweries Group and Kingfisher Airlines, which draws its name from United Breweries Group's flagship beer brand, Kingfisher. As of 2008, Mallya was ranked as the 962 nd richest person in the world and the 42 nd in India with a net worth of US$1.2 billion.

27. Some of the wealthiest have made their fortunes in the Bollywood film industry, based in Mumbai.

28. The best water and sanitation, the best health care, the best educational facilities, the best of just about everything is found in the cities of India. The worst of everything tends to be in the countryside. Mumbai’s new world class rapid transit system, currently under construction …

29. …while in the countryside transport is still basic. So, although India is undoubtedly rapidly improving in terms of its overall economy, these massive rural –urban inequalities persist.

30. …although within the main cities, it is not all wealth and success – here are some of the many slums of Mumbai (known by some as Slumbai)

31. Variations within a country regional variationsrural-urban variations e.g. India, Brazile.g: Brazil individual variations by genderby social class Lack of women’s rights e.g: Saudi Arabian royal family, India’s caste system e.g Afghanistan

32. 3. Individual variations Examples: Saudi Arabia India Afghanistan

33. 1…by social class – where some groups are much wealthier than others

34. The Saudi Arabian royal family, several thousand strong, are immensely wealthy and powerful, due to their control of the country’s vast oil reserves - seen here with the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh, on a state visit to Britain. Individual variations 1

35. King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.

36. The yacht belonging to Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, one of many Saudi princes.

37. However, the great wealth of the country is not shared amongst all the people, many of whom still live without equal access to education or health care. Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 78.8% male: 84.7% female: 70.8% (2003 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 12.41 deaths/1,000 live births male: 14.24 deaths/1,000 live births female: 10.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

38. Individual variations 2 India’s complex Hindu caste system …where people’s place in society is predetermined – they are born into one caste and have to live within its social and economic limitations.

39. The Dalits or “untouchables” One type of work considered 'untouchable' in India is the cutting of meat. This is always allocated to the Dalits - the Dhom sub-caste in particular. Once the meat has been cut and cleaned, it is considered 'clean' and eaten by other castes.

40. The Dalits are outside the caste system, getting the worst deal of all…

41. …including the job of cleaning up other people’s excrement – usually by hand, in their pre-ordained role as scavengers.

42. The Dalits also have to try to survive with the poorest living conditions…

43. …and the worst paid jobs, such as these young boys, who try to make a few rupees by recycling waste from rubbish dumps…

44. …the poorest land and little or no access to health care. This starving child died shortly afterwards.

45. Education is denied to all but a lucky few. Many thousands of Dalits are murdered every year, with their murderers escaping punishment …this is internal racism at its worst. This little girl is five. Her red hair ribbons signify that she is married. This may have been done to give her some protection against the large number of rapes that occur involving Dalit girls and women.

46. Government schools around India promise open acceptance for all students, but in reality many teachers refuse to teach Dalit children. They cite them as 'unworthy of learning' or a 'waste of teacher time'. Even if they are accepted, Dalit children are not given equal opportunities in many schools. In the photo, above, Dalit children are being denied lunch at a public school in Bihar.

47. 2. by gender differences …where women are second class citizens…

48. Individual variations 3. An estimated two thirds of the 300 million children without access to education are girls, and two thirds of the some 880 million illiterate adults are women. At primary level the situation is improving, but fewer countries are near parity in secondary education - fewer girls attend than boys. (source UNICEF) Gender parity index (GPI) in secondary education (2000–2006)

49. Investment in the education of females has the highest rate of return of any possible investment in development. However, at present in Sub-Saharan Africa less than half of the girls 6 to 11 years of age is estimated to be in school, which means that more than half of the women in the region will never receive any formal education. This is a tremendous loss of human resources, especially for food security since it is estimated that women produce 60 to 80 percent of the basic foodstuffs in the region.

50. Life under the veil. Many westerners would regard the treatment of women in this way as oppression and a denial of their human rights. In Saudi Arabia, Women's educational opportunities are severely constrained. Due to gender apartheid, women may only study in all female institutions. There they are prohibited from studying fields like law and engineering and petroleum sciences. In 2005 the BBC reported, "Although women make up more than half of all graduates from Saudi universities, they comprise only 5 percent of the kingdom's workforce." Suffrage: Saudi Arabia 21 years of age; male

51. Afghanistan: Women’s rights? Under the Taliban, Afghan women were barred from employment, forbidden to go outside the home without a male escort, required to wear head-to-toe burqas at all times, and barred from obtaining an education. Women were even denied basic health care. All these policies were brutally enforced by the Taliban's Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and the Suppression of Vice, which administered lashings, public beatings, even executions of accused women.

52. Even now in Afghanistan, without the Taliban in power, girls have few rights. Here Ghulam Haider, 11, is to be married to Faiz Mohammed, 40. She had hoped to be a teacher but was forced to quit her classes when she became engaged.

53. Family and friends gathered to celebrate Ghulam's engagement. The father of the bride, Mahmoud Haider, 32, said he is unhappy giving his daughter away at such a young age, but has no choice due to severe poverty.

54. Majabin was given away as payment for a gambling debt.

55. The girl's wishes are customarily disregarded, and her marriage will end her opportunities for schooling and independent work.

56. Recap memorise the following diagram and the details will come back to you!

57. Variations within a country regional variationsrural-urban variations e.g. India, Brazile.g: Brazil individual variations by genderby social class Lack of women’s rights e.g: Saudi Arabian royal family, India’s caste system e.g Afghanistan

58. Main point - indicators of development may fail to reflect the true quality of life within a country, because they are averages which often mask inequalities or large variations…

59. Exam tips Keep your answers simple, quoting named examples where possible. Give serious thought to use headings to break your answer into sections e.g. regional variations, rural-urban variations, individual variations. This will make this question much easier to answer. Look at previous years’ exam papers and marking schemes – these questions recur again and again – you should be able to make your answers perfect!

60. Further reading. Look in the Development folder on the wiki space for more detailed analysis of inequality in Brazil. The two articles there are saved as PDF files: if you don’t have Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is needed to read this type of file, it can be easily downloaded, free, from the Adobe website.