1. Bonneville Environmental Foundation

3. Wind Energy Workshop

4. Why Wind?

5. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World

8. 1979: 40 cents/kWh Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh

9. Wind Power

10. Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD)

13. Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960

14. Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's

15. Modern Windmills

16. Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical AxisHorizontal Axis

17. Vertical Axis Turbines Advantages Omnidirectional Omnidirectional –Accepts wind from any angle Components can be mounted at ground level Components can be mounted at ground level –Ease of service –Lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability Overall poor performance and reliability Have never been commercially successful Have never been commercially successful

19. Lift vs Drag VAWTs Lift Device “Darrieus” –Low solidity, aerofoil blades –More efficient than drag device Drag Device “Savonius” –High solidity, cup shapes are pushed by the wind –At best can capture only 15% of wind energy

21. VAWT’s have not been commercially successful, yet… Every few years a new company comes along promising a revolutionary breakthrough in wind turbine design that is low cost, outperforms anything else on the market, and overcomes all of the previous problems with VAWT’s. They can also usually be installed on a roof or in a city where wind is poor. WindStor Mag-Wind WindTreeWind Wandler

22. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines

23. Types of Electricity Generating Windmills Small (  10 kW) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Large (250 kW - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Intermediate (10-250 kW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power

24. Modern Small Wind Turbines: High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance Technically Advanced Technically Advanced Only 2-3 Moving Parts Only 2-3 Moving Parts Very Low Maintenance Requirements Very Low Maintenance Requirements Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders 10 kW 50 kW 400 W 900 W (Not to scale)

26. SouthWest WindPower Sky Stream Rated Capacity: 1.8 KW Rotor: 12 feet (3.72 m); 50-325 RPM Estimated Energy Production: 400 KWh/month at 12 MPH Tower: Towers from 34-70 feet COST: 8 - 12K Installed

27. Net Metering

29. Large Wind Turbines 328’ base to blade 328’ base to blade Each blade 112’ Each blade 112’ Span greater than 747 Span greater than 747 163.3 tons total 163.3 tons total Foundation 20’ deep Foundation 20’ deep Rated at 1.5 megawatt Rated at 1.5 megawatt Supply at least 350 homes Supply at least 350 homes

30. Wind Power Today: Relative Height EmpireEiffelUmass 1.5 MWMediumFarm State TowerLibrary TurbineTurbine Turbine 1250’986’297’ 356’ 212’ 142’ 381 m301 m 90 m 109 m 65 m 43 m 28 stories--------------examples ------------------- Relative height of tall human structures

36. Wind Farms

38. Windfarm 2

39. Off-Shore Windfarms

40. Middelgrunden

42. Wind Turbine Perspective Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Workers Blade 112’ long

43. Calculation of Wind Power Power in the wind Power in the wind Effect of air density,  –Effect of swept area, A –Effect of wind speed, V R Swept Area: A = πR 2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m 2 ). Power in the Wind = ½ρAV 3

44. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??

46. North Wind HR3 rating: 3 kW rotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m North Wind 100 rating 100 kW rotor: 19.1 m hub height: 25 m Lagerwey LW58 rating: 750 kW rotor: 58 m hub height: 65 m Enercon E-66 rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 m hub height: 85 m Boeing 747 wing span: 69.8m length: 73.5 m Enercon E-112 rating: 4000 kW rotor: 112 m hub height: 100 m Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind Turbines Wind Turbine Technology

47. Potential of Wind Energy

48. Importance of Wind Speed No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind Power is a cubic function of wind speed Power is a cubic function of wind speed –V X V X V 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more power 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more power Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power

50. Source: U.S. DOE Wind Potential

51. Key Issues facing Wind Power

52. Tax Credits  No Federal Incentives for Small Wind Since 1985  Large Wind Supported with Production Tax Credit – Recently Passed – 3 Yr. Renewal in the latest Energy Bill (Summer 05)  State have varying levels of support  NY 50%-75% Support  ME 0%  MA 20%-50%

53. May 1, 2002 Tax Incentives & Buydown Local Option Tax Incentives** Net Metering & Local Option Tax Incentives** Tax Incentives & Net Metering Tax Incentives, Net Metering & Buydown Net Metering & Buydown *Contact your utility to see if you qualify for the Renewable Energy Resources Program. ** Contact your city or county to see if they offer tax incentives for small wind systems. Tax IncentivesNet Metering Only Buydown* Residential Small Wind Incentives

54. 6.5 million customers 330+ generating units Over 8,000 miles of transmission lines 11 Interconnections 28,100 MW of capacity Peak demand: 22,544MW Transmission Problems

55. Northeast – Siting!

56. Photosimulation of Wind Plant Actual Wind Plant

57. Impacts of Wind Power: Noise Modern turbines are relatively quiet Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses Go to Hull or Searsburg & listen! Note: Searsburg turbines are older & a bit louder than many modern turbines

58. Predicting Power Output

59. What does it take to install a Turbine? Utility Engineers Utility Engineers Geophysical Engineers Geophysical Engineers Concrete/Structural Engineering Concrete/Structural Engineering Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace) Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace) Site/Civil Engineering Site/Civil Engineering Microelectronic/Computer Programming Microelectronic/Computer Programming Business Expertise (Financial) Business Expertise (Financial) Legal Expertise Legal Expertise Meteorologists Meteorologists

60. The Future?