1. STAAR / EOC Review

2. Types of Maps Physical Political Historical Thematic
landforms, bodies of water, etc.
Political
Man made borders/boundaries
Historical
Thematic
Population Density Maps
Resource or product maps

3. Latitude and Longitude
Latitude -Horizontal, run parallel and measure north and south
Equator -Zero degrees latitude
Longitude –meet at the poles and measure east and west
Prime Meridian –zero degrees longitude

4. Using Latitude and Longitude
-Find the Latitude 30°N
-Find the Longitude 95°W
-What city is this point close to?

5. Earth’s Seven Continents
Antarctica
North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia
Australia

6. Oceans
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Arctic
*Southern

7. Major Seas & Gulfs Mediterranean Black Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf
Gulf of
Mexico

8. Major Mountain Ranges Himalayas Rockies Andes Alps Urals Atlas
Appalachians

9. Major Rivers Mississippi Rio Grande St. Lawrence Amazon Nile Rhine
Danube
Tigris
Euphrates
Volga
Ganges
Yangtze
The Nile’s periodic flooding provided invaluable silt
for the ancient Egyptians

11. Layers of the Earth Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere
or crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core

12. Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonic Theory: the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large slabs of rock known as tectonic plates
Moved by convection in the mantle

13. Types of Plate Boundaries

14. Weathering Mechanical Chemical Breaking rock into smaller rock
Actually forming a new substance
(like rust)

15. Hydrosphere

16. Tides and Currents Tides Currents
Bulges in the ocean caused by gravitational pull
Currents
Circulate warm and cold water that regulate the Earth’s temp.

17. LAMECOWS Latitude Affects amount of sun radiation
Zones of latitude (high, mid, low)
Air Pressure
Caused by unequal heating of earth’s surface
High=cold
Low=warm
Mountain Barriers
Rain shadow Effect: Mountains block wind and rain
Elevation
Increase in elevation = Decrease in temperature

18. LAMECOWS Continental Location Coastline has a stable temperature
Interior of continent has extreme temperatures (hotter & colder)
Ocean
Currents
Wind
Belts
Storms
Occur during low pressure conditions
Front = two air masses with different temps meet
Wind Video

19. Seasons
The earth’s tilt and revolution cause different parts of the Earth, to receive different amounts of sunlight

20. Zones of Latitude

21. Climate Regions

22. Human-Environment Interaction

23. GIS and Disasters
Systems that merge info from satellites & land based sources
Helps pinpoint
hazards & warn
citizens/officials
of danger
GIS software commercial

24. What is Culture? A peoples way of life… Customs Roles Institutions
Religions
Gender Roles
Family Structure
Language
Technology

25. Institutions
Organizations developed to make social roles clear

26. World Religions
Religion Video

27. Southwest Asia Monotheistic Religions
Judaism
Oldest monotheistic
Founded by Abraham
Holy book is the Torah (1st 5 books of the old testament)
Christianity
Christians believe that Jesus was God’s son on Earth & died for our sins
Holy book is the Bible (old & new testament)
Islam
Founded by the prophet Muhammad
Holy book is the Koran
Follow the 5 pillars of faith

28. South Asian Religions Hinduism Oldest major religion
Follows the caste system
Buddhism
No god is worshiped
The goal is to reach nirvana through the 8 fold path
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Sikhism
Monotheistic
Combine Hindu and Muslim beliefs
(believe in reincarnation, but also in one god)

29. Animism Belief that many things in nature have their own spirit
Native Americans
Japanese – Shinto
Central Africa

30. Social Structure
Social mobility –how easy is it to improve your social class?
US Society
Caste System

31. Multicultural Societies
Ethnic Group
Group sharing common ancestry & common culture
Homogeneous societies
Almost everyone belongs to the same ethnic group
Multicultural or heterogeneous
Mix of people and cultures
Minority
A group other than the dominate group
Ethnic prejudice
Genocide or ethnic cleansing
The former Yugoslavia

32. Regions Cultural Characteristics of the people living there
Ex. The “middle east”
Formal
Clear boundaries/borders
Ex. The USA
Functional
An area that works together
Ex. Greater Houston area
Perceptual
Based on people’s attitudes & emotions
Ex. “deep south” or “the midwest”

33. Demography The study of populations, where and why they settle Factors
Landforms
Climate
Nearness to water
Natural resources
Economies
Technology

34. Industrialization & Urbanization
Pre-industrial
Nomads
Agriculture
Rise in urban-type cultures
After the industrial revolution
Rapid urbanization
Cities became more business oriented

35. Current Population Trends
Massive population growth after the start of the industrial revolution ( ’s)
Spread of new and better medical practices

36. Population Density Maps
Dot Population Map
Always make sure you
DOUBLE check you key!

37. Population Pyramids
Shows age and sex distribution

38. Migration - Push & Pull Factors
Social
Religious persecution
Closer to family
Political
Wars
Citizens’ rights
Economic
New job
Factory shuts down
Environmental
Famine

39. Forced Migration

40. Cultural Diffusion & Convergence
Spatial exchange
Ideas, products, customs, etc. Spread from place to another.
Convergence
Different cultures become more similar

41. Silk Road
Ancient trade route between east Asia and Europe

42. Columbian Exchange
Diffusion that resulted from European voyages to the Americas

43. Pandemics
Widespread exchange of diseases
Plague Video

44. Recent examples of diffusion and convergence
Democratic ideas
A large number of countries began to switch in the mid 1980’s
English
Many countries learn English as a second language
More than a billion people understand English
New Technology
With the internet, more and more people have access to technology
Sports
The Olympics and World cup soccer are just a few worldwide sporting events

45. Cultural Divergence
Different parts of a cultural region are exposed to different influences & become dissimilar
Ex. The split of the Roman empire with exposure to the Germanic tribes
Ex. Rwanda with the Belgium colonization

46. Innovations through technology
Transportation
In the 1700’s the steam engine powered ships and trains and drastically changed travel
The transcontinental railroad gave safer, faster access to the west
Cars and airplanes used the combustion engine which was developed in the early 1900’s

47. Types of Governments Monarchy Royal family
Constitutional Monarchy (Great Britain)
Republic
No king/queen or dictator
Democracy – people make decisions
Direct & representative Democracies
Dictatorships
Ruled by one person
Totalitarian – total control
Theocracy
Ruled by religious leaders

48. Nations Political Power Borders can change with conflict p.243
Each government establishes clear boundaries over which it asserts its authority
Borders can change with conflict p.243
Ex. Poland
Ex. Israel and Palestine
Sovereign Government
A government has the final control over what happens within it’s borders

49. International Relations
Balance of Power
The idea that if a country becomes too strong, the other countries will band together against it
United Nations
The UN security council has the power to send forces to areas of conflict
European Union
Created for ease of trade
Common currency & support

50. United Nations

51. European Union

52. Nationalism
The belief that each nation should have it’s own government
Strong sense of pride in your country
Patriotism is the belief that we should obey our nations laws and rally to it’s defense

53. Economic Systems Traditional Socialist Communist
Free Enterprise, Free Market, or Capitalism
Mixed Economies

54. Traditional Based on how ancestors have meet their needs Barter system
Subsistence agriculture
Farming enough to feed your family, not for selling
Amish Farmers

55. Free Enterprise Supply and Demand drives the market
When demand is high, sellers charge more $
Little government regulation

56. Free Enterprise Producers struggle for the dollars of consumers.
This competition regulates price and brings better quality products
It all happens without a government plan. This phenomenon is called “the invisible hand”
Adam Smith

57. Communism All means of production are controlled by the government
Based off of Karl Marx’s idea that capitalism put the wealth in the hands of a few
Eliminates competition which makes innovation stagnate
Karl Marx

58. Socialism
Where the government controls some major industries, but leaves others for private business
Examples
CITGO is the national oil company of Venezuela
Government run healthcare

59. There are very few, if any, economies that aren’t mixed in some form
Mixed Economies
There are very few, if any, economies that aren’t mixed in some form
Continuum of Mixed Economies
Communist
Free Enterprise
Source: 1999 Index of Economic Freedom, Bryan T. Johnson, Kim R. Holmes, and Melanie Kirkpatrick
Socialist
Iran
North Korea
Cuba
China
Russia
Greece
Peru
United States
South Africa
France
United Kingdom
Canada
Singapore
Hong Kong

60. Human Development Index
Less
Countries with lower standards of living and less and less advanced technologies
Mid or Newly Industrialized
On the move from less developed to more
High
Countries with more advanced economies

61. Demographic Indicators
Life expectancy
Mortality rates
Birth rates
Infant mortality rates
Countries that are less developed usually have a lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality

62. Economic Indicators GDP
Total value of good and services produced by a country
GDP per capita
The average per person of the value of good and services produced by a country
Others
Cars
Phones
TVs
Computers

63. Social/Political Indicators
Literacy rates
Voting rights
Human rights
Tolerance for different points of view

64. Levels of Economic Activity
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

65. Productive Resources Natural
A huge advantage for countries who are rich in natural resources
Human
Some countries like China have a large number of workers who are willing to work for much lower wages
Capital
Goods used to make other goods or services
infrastructure
Entrepreneurship
People who bring together the productive resources

66. Trade Trade Agreements These reduce tariffs and make trade easier
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association)
European Union
Common currency
Members can live and work in any EU country without restriction

67. Outsourcing
Hiring other companies, often overseas, to provide production services
outsourcing along with free trade agreements are a big part of what makes globalization possible