APUSH REVIEW.

APUSH REVIEW

Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization?
Missionaries Enclosure Movement Large Groups of Displaced People Improved technology and knowledge of navigation Caravel Stable-Nation States Political rivalries Religious dissent Good European markets European Hubris/Superiority Wanted to bypass Middle East Break Italian Monopoly of Cities Catholic v. Protestant

Sailors and Explorers Wanted to find a water route to Asia!
Identify the Explorer and the Country they found. SPAIN: Economendia Gold, God and Glory Convert to Catholicism FRANCE: Trade with Indian Jesuits ENGLAND: Remove Indians Puritans Gold 1st American colony that failed, Roanoke 1590

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?
Martin Luther Protestantism Faith=salvation John Calvin “Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536 Predestination The Elect-Chosen by God Visible Saints-Conversion experience God is all powerful Humans as weak and filled with Original Sin **Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America** **Most of the early Americans were protestant**

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?
CONT CHURCH OF ENGLAND King Henry VIII Broke with Catholic church Church of England/Anglican church created Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church Remove ALL Catholic elements Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism Led by John Robinson Made about “Dutchification” of babies. Secured rights with Virginia company Mayflower-102 people Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule 1st Winter bad Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) Success: William Bradford. Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture… Work Ethic Democratically Structured Churches Religious toleration

How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World?
Congregation Church in MBC Manhood Suffrage in Rhode Island Fundamental Order in Connecticut River Colony

NEC: First steps toward colonial unity.
What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England? NEC: First steps toward colonial unity. DNE: Puritan influence permanently reduced. Common revolutionary sentiment throughout the colonies.

Similarities Among the 13 Colonies?
Mostly English Anglo-Saxon Self-Government (Not all Democratic) Religious toleration (to some degree) Educational Opportunities Provided unusual advantages for economic and social self- development

SOUTHERN COLONY: VIRGINIA
FOUNDED BY: LONDON COMPANY YEAR:1607 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: BUSINESS POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: SHAKY START TOBACCO HEADRIGHT SYSTEM HOUSE OF BURGESSES BACON’S REBELLION SINGLE MEN ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT INDENTURED SERVANTS 1ST POWHATAN WAR 2ND POWHATAN WAR

SOUTHERN COLONY: MARYLAND
FOUNDED BY: LORD BALTIMORE (GEORGE CALVERT) YEAR: 1634 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: REFUGE FOR BRITISH CATHOLICS BUSINESS VENTURE POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: CATHOLIC HAVEN ACT OF TOLERATION KNOWN FOR TOBACCO NO STARVING TIME

SOUTHERN COLONY: CAROLINAS
FOUNDED BY: NORTH: VIRGINIA SQUATTERS SOUTH: EIGHT ENGLISH NOBLES YEAR: NORTH: 1653 SOUTH: 1670 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: NORTH: OVERFLOW FROM VIRGINIA SOUTH: BUSINESS VENTURE POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: NORTH SEPARATED FROM SOUTH IN 1691 SOUTH: PROPRIETARY COLONY (AWARD FROM CHARLES II TO LOYAL SUPPORTERS) CLOSE TIES WITH THE CARABEANS RICE CARLESTOWN BAD TO NATIVE AMERICANS

SOUTHERN COLONY: GEORGIA
FOUNDED BY: JAMES OGELETHORPE YEAR: 1733 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:DEBTORS COLONY AND BUFFER ZONE POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: ENJOYED ROYAL SUBSIDIES DUE TO ITS IMPORTANCE AS A BUFFER ZONE.

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: MASSACHUSETTS
FOUNDED BY:MASSACHUSETTS BAY CO (JOINTSTOCK) YEAR: 1620,1623,1629 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: BUSINESS/RELIGION FISHING/TRADING CITY ON A HILL POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITAN CHARACTERISTICS: MAYFLOWER COMPACT (Plymouth) CHARTER COLONIES (MASS.BAY AND MAINE) MASS. BUYS MAIN IN 1677, AND MERGES WITH PLYMOUTH FISHING AND TRADING SMALL FARMS WHEAT AND CORN SALEM WITCH TRIALS FAMILY BASED MALE DOMINATED ANN HUTCHISON AND ROGER WILLIAMS ANTINOMIANISM TOWN HALLS GREAT MIGRATION 1631 TO BOSTON

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: CONNECTICUT
FOUNDED BY: THOMAS HOOKER AND MASS. DISSENTERS YEAR: 1635, 1638 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FISHING TRADING SMALL FARMS SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITAN CHARACTERISTICS: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS: 1ST WRITEN CONSTITUTION SELF GOVERNING

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: RHODE ISLAND
FOUNDED BY: ROGER WILLIAMS AND MASS. DISSENTERS YEAR: 1636 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: RELIGIOUS TOLERATION SECULAR GOVERNMENT TREATMENT OF INDIANS POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE FAIR TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS SIMPLE MALEHOOD SUFFRAGE

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: NEW HAMPSHIRE
FOUNDED BY: JOHN MASON 1623 YEAR: 1623 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FISHING TRADING POPULATION: ENGLISH CHARACTERISTICS: ABSORVED BY MASS. FROM BELIEVED IN BASIC INDUSTRY SMALL FARMS

MIDDLE COLONY: NEW YORK
FOUNDED BY: DUTCH HENRY HUDSON NEW NETHERLANDS (PETER MINUIT) NEW AMSTERDAM PETER STUYVESANT YEAR: 1664 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FUR TRADING COMMERCE POPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN CHARACTERISTICS: DUTCH CULTURE NY CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES LEISLER’S REBELLION DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND PORT/COMMERCIAL CENTER LARGE ESTATES ALONG THE HUDSON

MIDDLE COLONY: NEW JERSEY
FOUNDED BY: JOHN BERKELEY AND GEORGE CARTERET YEAR: 1664 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: BUSINESS VENTURE REWARD FROM JAMES II QUAKER SETTLEMENT POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: PROPRIETARY COLONY SPLIT INTO EAST AND WEST JERSEY DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

MIDDLE COLONY: PENNSYLVANIA
FOUNDED BY: WILLIAM PENN YEAR: 1681 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: HAVEN FOR QUAKERS POPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN (DIVERSITY) CHARACTERISTICS: PROPRIETARY COLONY RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT RECRUITED SETTLERS FROM ACROSS EUROPE EQUITABLE TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS IMPORTANT PORT

MIDDLE COLONY:DELAWARE
FOUNDED BY: SWEDISH FUR TRAPPERS YEAR: 1682 REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FUR TRADE POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS: ABSORVED BY DUTCH NEW NETHERLANDS, THEN BY BRITISH HARBORED MANY QUAKERS

SOUTHERN COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
DOMINATED BY RICE AND TOBACCO SLAVERY AND INDENTURED SERVANTS SMALL POPULATION CHURCH OF ENGLAND PLANTATION ECONOMY SOME RELIGIOUS TOLERATION ½ OF ALL BORN IN VIRGINIA DID NOT LIVE PAST 20 HOUSE OF BURGESSES MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION BACON’S REBELLION POWHATAN WAR SLAVERY ROYAL AFRICAN CO. SLAVE CODES CULTURE PLANTATION OWNERS SMALL FAMERS LANDLESS WHITES INDENTURED SERVANTS ARISTROCRATIC

MIDDLE COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
PURITANISM GREAT LAND FOR FARMING FEWER INDUSTRIES ETHNICALLY DIVERSE QUAKERS FARMING LUMBERING SHIP BUILDING TRADE AND FUR TRAPPING BREAD BASKET IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTER BROAD FERTILE LAND SLOW FLOWING RIVERS DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND LEISTERS REBELLION POPULATION ETHNICALLY MIXED RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT PATROONSHIP DEMOCRATIC

NORTHERN COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
MERCANTILLISM NAVIGATION LAWS HARVARD MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL OF LAW PURITANS LESS RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL PARTICIPATION PEQUOT WAR KING PHILIPS’ WAR MAYFLOWER COMPACT FUNDAMENTAL ORDER OF CONNECTICUT SALEM WITCH TRIALS DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETINGS INDUSTRY FAIR TO NATIVE AMERICANS MERCANTALISM

EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH COLONIES?
1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES 1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT 1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING 1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE 1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT 1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION 1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION 1676: BACON’S REBELLION 1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES 1691: LESILER’S REBELLION 1734: ZENGER CASE : ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT” : THE ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANCE IN AMERICA FRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD QUEBEC IN 1608 GOVERNMENT
EDICT OF NANTES QUEBEC IN 1608 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN GOVERNMENT CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLY BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS BEAVER TRADE TRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI

EMPIRES COLLIDE ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH 1688-1763 SALUTARY NEGLECT
KING WILLIAMS WAR QUEEN ANNE’S WAR TREATY OF UTRECHT SALUTARY NEGLECT KING GOERGE’S WAR WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION PEACE TREATY 1748

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAR OHIO VALLEY
OHIO MISSION: WASHINGTON TRIGGERED A WORLD WAR ALBANY CONGRESS ALBANY PLAN FOR UNION BRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK WILLIAM PITT BATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760) BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759) PEACE OF PARIS (1763)

REBELLION CHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLION PROCLAMATION OF 1763

Today: Leading to the Revolution Revolution AOC Washington Adams

Early “Rebels” in MBC Quakers Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams
Liberty of Conscience Half-Way Covenant Salem Witch Trials

Road to Revolution

The Road to Revolution Grenville Townshend Writs of Assistance
Sugar Act Stamp Act Townshend Acts Gaspee 1760 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1770 1772 Treaty of Paris Pontiac’s War Proclamation of 1763 Currency Act Stamp Act Repealed Boston Massacre Towns-hend Acts Repealed Declaratory Act Quartering Act The Road to Revolution Committees of Correspondence

Consequences of the French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris of 1763 France forfeits all its land in North America (except islands at entrance to St. Lawrence) American colonists feel less need for Britain** Chief Pontiac led a pre-emptive war to keep British/colonists out of the Ohio River Valley British post 10,000 troops in the colonies Britain refuses to recognize land claims west of the Appalachians: Proclamation of 1763 Colonists resent the “slow-growth” policy

George Grenville’s Program
Grenville: PM from April 1763 to July 1765 Grenville’s fiscal goal in the colonies: Raise revenue to pay part of the costs of British troops stationed in America The Sugar Act, 5 April 1764 Reorganized customs system to enforce trade laws The Currency Act, 19 April 1764 The Stamp Act, 22 March 1765 The Quartering Act, 24 March 1765

Writs of Assistance Open-ended search warrants
Imposed by Mass. Royal governor to end smuggling, especially with French West Indies War measure They signal definitive end to salutary neglect Challenged by Mass. merchants (James Otis) “Act against the Constitution is void” Lost the case, but set a philosophical precedent

Sugar Act, 5 April 1764 Amended the Molasses Act of 1733 to raise revenue Lowered tariff on non-British sugar so colonists would pay it instead of smuggling: 6 to 3 pence Expanded the enumerated goods: Items that had to be exported to Britain Hoped to increase British imports on returning ships Placed a heavy tax on Portuguese wine Previously tax free

Sugar Act, continued Expanded and complicated shipping rules
Made compliance very difficult Changed procedures for trying smugglers Cases heard in vice-admiralty courts in Halifax, Nova Scotia No jury trial: Judge decided the case (Got 5 percent of confiscated cargo) Defendants’ guilt assumed, had to prove innocence

Reaction to the Sugar Act
Nine provincial legislatures formally protested the act, but opposition was fragmented and ineffective Still an external tax Greatest burden fell on the shipping colonies Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania Colonists continued to smuggle non-British sugar until Britain lowered the tariff to 1 penny in 1766

Currency Act, 19 April 1764 Prohibited the issuance of paper
Made England the “central bank” for the colonial economy Pinched the money supply of the colonies Ensured payment of colonial debts in stable currencies: gold, silver or British pound notes

Stamp Act, 22 March 1765 Revenue-raising act
First internal tax imposed on the colonies Intended to partially defray the costs of British troops in North America Required colonists to use stamped paper for newspapers, playing cards, and various legal and business documents Affected a large number of colonists Scheduled to go into effect 1 November 1765

Reaction to the Stamp Act
Protests by colonial legislatures Boycotts of British goods Spinning bees Homespun clothes Coffee instead of tea Non-Importation Agreements (Merchants) Intimidation and violence Sons of Liberty

Reaction to the Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress, Oct in New York Nine colonies represented “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” Arguments against the Stamp Act: Parliament had no right to impose internal, direct taxes on the colonies No taxation without representation Counter-argument: “Virtual representation” Colonists refused to use the stamps on Nov. 1

Stamp Act Repealed Jan. 1766, William Pitt denounced the Stamp Act; support for repeal grew Feb. 1766, Benjamin Franklin testified before Parliament for repeal of the Stamp Act Colonial boycotts and non-importation hurt the British economy Unemployment increased Merchant bankruptcies rose March 1766, King George repealed Stamp Act

Declaratory Act Passed on same day as repeal of the Stamp Act
Asserted Parliament’s power to legislate laws governing the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Quartering Act, 24 March 1765 Required colonists to pay the expense of housing and feeding British troops Only affected 5 colonies but deeply resented New York refused to comply Tension with British soldiers broke out in armed melees June 1767: New York Suspending Act nullified NY laws after 1 October 1767 New York complied in June 1767

Charles Townshend’s Program
Townshend: Chancellor of the Exchequer from Aug to Sept (died) William Pitt is PM, but in poor health: Townshend is in charge Townshend’s goal in the colonies: Increase British control Raise revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges New York Suspending Act, June 1767 Townshend Revenue Acts, 29 June 1767 American Board of Customs Commissioners, June 1767

Townshend Revenue Acts
Revenue raising acts Townshend returned to an indirect, external tax Modest tariff imposed on consumables (paper, paint, lead, glass) and tea

Reaction to Townshend Acts
Mild reaction until John Dickinson’s Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Indirect/direct tax not important: Intent of the tax made it legal or illegal No right to tax the colonies for revenue British reaction to Sam Adams’ Circular Letter galvanized colonial resistance Boycotts, non-importation agreements, legislative protests, intimidation, violence British sent 1,700 troops to Boston in October 1768 to enforce the Townshend duties

Boston Massacre Anger at customs officials and British troops had grown since 1767, especially in Boston 5 March 1770, an angry Boston mob taunted (and pelted) British troops at the customs office Soldiers opened fire: 5 killed, 6 injured Sam Adams spun the incident into a “massacre” John Adams defended the soldiers: Received light sentences

Townshend Acts Repealed
Townshend died suddenly in 1767: Lord North replaced Pitt as PM in 1770 North favored repeal of Townshend Acts to stop economic damage of colonial boycotts North wanted to retain the tea tax on principle: Parliament could tax the colonies April 1770, Parliament repealed Townshend duties, except on tea Most colonial boycotts/non-importation end

Burning of the Gaspee, 9 June 1772
Example of the anger toward corrupt customs officials in the colonies Gaspee, a customs schooner notorious for its abuses, stuck in the mud off Providence, RI Local citizens boarded the vessel at night and burned it to the waterline Commission sent to investigate Suspects to be tried in Britain: No one arrested

Committees of Correspondence, 1772
Had been used previously to educate and organize resistance to the Stamp Act Now used on a pan-colonial scale Began in Boston, spread to New England and then to the other colonies Important step toward increasing political awareness and unifying action in the colonies

Lord North, Prime Minister from 1770-1782
Coercive Acts Quebec Act Mass. declared in rebellion Tea Act 1773 1774 1775 1776 Common Sense Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress Lexington & Concord Declaration of Independence Fort Ticon-deroga The Road to Revolution Bunker Hill REVOLUTION 2nd Continental Congress

Tea Act, Sept. 1773 Designed to bail out East India Company
Grants right to sell tea directly to colonial agents: Cuts out British import houses Retains a 3-penny-per-pound duty on tea Net effect: Price of tea is lower, even with tax Colonists protest on principle

Boston Tea Party, Dec. 1773 Tea consignees condemned by Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston Bostonians decide to send arriving tea back Royal Gov. Hutchinson says “no,” not without first paying the duty Dec. 18: 8,000 Bostonians rally in Old South Church That night, radicals dump 342 casks of tea into Boston Harbor

Coercive Acts, March-May 1774
Boston Port Bill: Closed port of Boston until Mass. paid for tea plus the duties owed Administration of Justice Bill: Made government officials immune from prosecution in colonial courts if accused of committing a crime in the course of their official duties

Coercive Acts, continued
Massachusetts Regulating Act No town hall meetings without governor’s consent Governor’s council to be appointed by the king Chief justice, superior judges, Attorney General, lower judges, justice of the peace, and sheriffs to be appointed by the king, not elected

Quebec Act, May 1774 Recognized Catholicism in Canada
Set up royally appointed governing council and no assembly Extended the borders of French Canada to the Ohio River and Mississippi River

First Continental Congress, Sept.-Oct. 1774
Met in Philadelphia 55 delegates from all colonies but Georgia First encounter of the “Founding Fathers” Actions The Association: Boycott all British goods after 12/1/74, and cease all exports after 9/1/75 Addressed a petition to the king: “Declaration and Resolves” Agreed to meet again in May 1775 if Intolerable Acts had not been lifted

Mass. Declared in Rebellion,9 Feb. 1775

Early Battles Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen capture Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, May 1775 Quebec Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery invade Canada, Fall 1775 Maine Vermont New Hampshire First battle: Lexington & Concord, April 1775 New York Massachusetts Henry Knox transports canons from Ft. Ticonderoga to Boston, Nov Jan. 1776 Breeds Hill, June 1775 Picture Source: Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant. 12th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002, p. 153

2nd Continental Congress, May 1775
Created a Continental Army: Appointed George Washington to lead it, June 1775 Olive Branch Petition to the king, July 1775 King rejects the petition, declares the colonies in rebellion, Aug. 1775 The Continental Congress would serve as the central government during the Revolutionary War Declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms (Dickinson and Jefferson) Seen as the intermediate step towards the declaration of Independence.

Common Sense Written by Thomas Paine, published in January 1776
The most important work for convincing Americans to declare independence Britain’s colonial policies were inconsistent; independence was the only course Why should tiny England control a huge North America? King was nothing more than “royal brute of Great Britain” America had a sacred mission: moral obligation to set up an independent democratic republic. Persuaded Congress to go all the way for independence Part of a lively debate over independence in

Sam Adams published leaked letters of Mass. Governor Thomas Hutchinson
Benjamin Franklin accused in Parliament of inciting rebellion in the colonies Franklin had leaked Thomas Hutchinson’s letters to the Massachusetts assembly Franklin left England in 1770 and became an ardent patriot

Road to Revolution Pretty Proclamation of 1763 Silly Stamp Act, 1765
Tammy Townsend Acts, 1767 Baked Boston Massacre, 1770 Tea Tea Act, 1773 Cookies Committees of Correspondence Inside “Intolerable Acts,” 1774 Freshly First Continental Congress Layered Lexington and Concord Spicy Second Continental Congress Dough Declaration of Independence

Loyalists V. Patriots Patriots: Loyalists (Tories):
Sometimes called "Whigs" after British opposition party American rebels who fought both British soldiers and loyalists Most numerous in New England Constituted a minority movement More adept at gaining support from colonials Financing: Robert Morris, “the financier of the Revolution” helped Congress finance the war. Loyalists (Tories): Colonists who fought for return to colonial rule; loyal to the king. Usually conservative: educated and wealthy; fearful of “mob rule.” Older generation apt to be loyalists; younger generation more revolutionary King's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown Anglican clergy and a large portion of their followers; most numerous of the loyalists (except in Virginia) Well entrenched in aristocratic NY, Charleston, Quaker PA, and NJ. Least numerous in New England Ineffective at gaining allegiance of neutral colonists The Loyalist Exodus 1. Loyalists regarded by Patriots as traitors. 2. About 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled the colonies -- Estates confiscated and sold; helped finance the war ,000 fought for the British

Frontier Country West raged throughout most of the war
Indian allies of Britain attacked American frontier positions 1777 known as "the Bloody Year" on the frontier Westward movement continued despite treacherous war conditions (especially Kentucky) Illinois country taken from the British George Rogers Clark

America During WAR Over 250,000 American soldiers fought
10% who fought died; British captured and occupied most major cities including Boston, NYC, and Philadelphia.

America During The War War Economy: all of society became involved in the war. Men with military experience volunteered for positions in the army. Some merchants loaned money to the army and to Congress. Most of the fighting was done by the poorest Americans African Americans fought on both sides. Native Americas also fought with the British

America During the War Women in the War
Managed farms and businesses while men served in the army Traveled with the Army as cooks and nurses. More politically active and expressed their thoughts more freely.

Changes to Society Many conservative Loyalists no longer in America; paved way for more democratic reforms in state governments. Slavery issue Stronger emphasis on equality End of primogeniture and entail before 1800. Separation of Church & State: Jefferson’s Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom, 1786 State governments Indians no longer enjoyed British protection and became subject to U.S. expansion westward. Women did not enjoy increased rights; idea of “Republican Motherhood” took hold

Coming of the American Revolution
Act or Action Purpose Provisions of Act Colonial Reaction British Reaction Proclamation Line of 1763 British hoped to pacify Indians in West Pacification would reduce need for troops to battle Indians on Frontier Forbade settlement west of Appalachian Mountains Everyone in the western region must return to the East Anger; colonists had fought French and Indian War to gain access to western region Colonists continued to settle in the area. British repealed law with Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768 Moved line of permitted settlement farther to west. Sugar Act 1764 Act passed to raise money for colonial defense Duty on foreign molasses had been reduced but now would be enforced Anger Smuggling Attempted to enforce tax Stamp Act 1765 - Passed to raise money - Same tax existed in GB Taxed dice, playing cards, newspapers, marriage licenses Total of 50 items taxed Convened Stamp Act Congress Petitioned the King Urban riots Boycotted goods Viewed as an internal tax Repealed law Little money raised

Economy of Post War America
America suffered a depression during the 1780s. Seizure of Loyalist holdings were moderately significant Economic democracy preceded political democracy: land readily available and inexpensive. Manufacturing was bolstered by non- importation agreements

Timeline…leading to 1789 DATE 1777 1781 1782 1785 1786 1787 EVENT AOC forming the “united” states for ratification AOC are ratified Congress adopts the Great Seal of the U.S. Adopts the dollar as official currency using a decimal system (TJ created it) Annapolis (Maryland) Convention is held to discuss U.S. trade policies Shays Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Constitutional Convention

The Articles of Confederation
The Continental Congress served as the central government during the war Delegates knew they needed a constitution to bind the states together Formed a committee to draft “the form of confederation to be entered into. . .” Headed by John Dickinson (PA) Adopted 1777 but not ratified until 1781

Articles of Confederation
Maryland ratified the Articles when New York pledged to abandon Congress promised to create new states from the territory

State Constitutions In 1776 the Continental Congress recommended the colonies form state governments By 1780, all 13 had written constitutions Most contained bills of rights All based on popular consent Suffrage limited to male land owners but voting requirements were lowered The States were reluctant to yield their new-won powers: Memories of monarchy

The Articles of Confederation were a loose organization of states in which the state legislators, represented in the federal congress, exercised sovereignty Each state delegation given one vote in a one house Congress Important legislation required 2/3 approval of states Amendments needed unanimous approval Factors for and against unity

Reasons for Unity among the states
Common language and culture Linked geographically Tradition of peaceful coexistence Common goal during the war Reasons for Disunity among the states Strong loyalties to individual states Little close contact between states due to poor roads and slow transportation Economically independent No common enemy after the war

Powers given to Congress included: Making laws Foreign relations: Making treaties and alliances Maintaining an army and navy Coining money The Articles of Confederation would prove too weak to deal with the needs of government of the new United States

Weakness No executive or judicial branch Result No president to enforce laws; no federal courts to judge disputes between states or residents of different states

Weakness Congress did not have the power to tax Result Congress never had enough money to run the government

Weakness Both states and Congress could issue money Result Debased currency; no national currency

Weakness One state, one vote Result States had authority in Congress disproportionate to population

Weakness Approval by 9 of 13 states required for laws and treaties, all 13 for amendments Result Legislation was cumbersome, amendment virtually impossible

Weakness Congress could not regulate interstate commerce Result States set up tariffs and taxes on each others’ products To deal with interstate commercial battles, 9 states agreed to meet at Annapolis, MD in Sept Called for a meeting at Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise the Articles

Successes of the Articles Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Kept Republicanism alive: Held the states together, even though imperfectly

Land Ordinance of 1785 Acreage of the Old Northwest (modern-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan) should be sold; proceeds to pay national debt. Region split into townships six miles square, split into 36 sections of 1 sq. mi th section set aside to be sold for the benefit of public schools. Contrasted with land south of the Ohio River where disorganized settlement was the rule.

Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest regions would first begin as a territory, subordinate to the fed. gov't. Territories would become a state when it had 60,000 inhabitants; equal status w/ other states. Significance: By not subordinating states, it ensured peace between east & west. Bill was farsighted: principles were carried over to other frontier areas. Forbade slavery in Old Northwest (north of the Ohio River.) Major advantage gained by the North; future states would not be slave and thus ally themselves with the South. Southerners could cross state lines and reclaim fugitive slaves.

Challenges to the New Nation
Britain closed West Indies ports to U.S. to protect its merchants Spain closed port of New Orleans to U.S. preventing movement of products British violated Treaty of Paris by maintaining military and trading posts on U.S. soil No effort made to remove them

Shays’ Rebellion An uprising of Massachusetts farmers in against high taxes in the state Massachusetts had trouble putting down the rebellion Spotlighted the weakness and vulnerability of the nation propertied class feared that the Revolution had created a "mobocracy." Many prominent citizens cried out for a stronger central gov't.

Newburgh Conspiracy The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War Resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years.

Annapolis Convention In September 1786 Virginia called together the states into a convention in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss the state of commerce in the country. The current government, under the Articles of Confederation, had no power to regulate commerce or trade among states. Little was able to be accomplished, only five states, out of thirteen, showed up. They did, however, suggest another conference in Philadelphia to discuss the problems in the current government. Start the Philadelphia Convention

Constitutional Convention
Each state sent participants (except R.I.) Leaders were all appointed by the state legislatures, whose members had been elected by voters who could qualify as property owners. 55 delegates convened on May 25, 1787 in the Philadelphia statehouse. Most all were men of high prestige and conservative Jefferson, in Paris, called the group a "convention of demigods" Strong anti-nationalists like Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Samuel Adams did not attend. Washington elected chairman; presided over the convention. Notables present: Franklin, Hamilton, Madison Sessions were held in complete secrecy Delegates did not want to advertise their dissension or give fuel to the opposition.

LEADERS OF THE CONVENTION
George Mason Wanted a weak central government and more democratic rule! Author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights He withheld his signature from the United States Constitution, because it did not abolish the slave trade.

LEADERS OF THE CONVENTION
James Madison The man in the middle The father of the constitution In Congress, he helped frame the Bill of Rights and enact the first revenue legislation. No one got what they wanted!

Larger States would thus have a political advantage. New Jersey Plan
Virginia Plan “Large-State Plan” Written by Madison Representation in both houses of bicameral Congress should be based on population “proportional representation” Larger States would thus have a political advantage. New Jersey Plan “Small-State Plan” “Equal representation” in a unicameral Congress by states regardless of size and population Weaker states feared that under Virginia’s plan strong states would band together and dominate the rest

“THE GREAT COMPROMISE”
BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE HOUSE BASED ON POPULATION REQUIRES CENSUS EVERY TEN YEARS REAPPORTIONMENT Smaller states conceded representation by population in the House of Representatives SENATE EQUAL REPRESENTATION (TWO PER STATE) Larger states conceded equal representation in the state. Every tax bill would originate in the House since big states would have to bear a larger burden of taxation. Large States benefited more from the compromise.

MORE COMPROMISES 3/5TH COMPROMISE= THE COUNTING OF SLAVES FOR HOUSE SEATS Art. I, Sec. II, para. 3 North said slaves should not be counted as citizens South said their smaller population would lead to North Domination. The Electoral College: the indirect election of the president! Each state gets electoral equal to number of seats in congress. Majority electoral vote selects the president.

MORE Extension of the African Slave Trade 20 years
Trade man in 1808 Most states wanted to immediately end the importation of slaves 1779 all states but deep South had outlawed the importation of slaves SC/GA: Need slave labor for rice production. Indirect election of senators. Federal judges appointed not elected.

Washington Inaugurated President
Washington unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789 – only Presidential nominee ever to be honored unanimously. Many believe Congress was willing to give the presidency power due to Washington's immense respectability Took oath of office on April 30, 1789 in temporary capital of NYC. John Adams sworn in as vice president

Washington's cabinet Precedent: Consulting of cabinet members (department heads) in order to make decisions. Constitution does not mention a cabinet The cabinet has become an integral part of the "unwritten constitution." In the beginning, only three full-fledged department heads existed: Secretary of State -- Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury -- Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War -- Henry Knox Edmund Randolph--Attorney General; became the 4th major cabinet member after passage of Judiciary Act of 1789. Cabinet characterized by bickering between Hamilton and Jefferson

Judiciary Act of 1789 It established a Supreme Court of six justices, a Chief Justice, and five Associate Justice. (John Jay the 1st Chief Justice) It provided for 13 District Courts and three Circuit Courts. It established the office of Attorney General (Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General, head of the Justice department) Part of this law will be important in Marbury v. Madison Case of 1803

Bill of Rights ratified
One of first priorities facing the new government Amendments to the Constitution could be achieved two ways. Federalists feared that another constitutional convention might reverse their victory

Bank of the United States Established
A central federal depository established to promote interstate commerce and contribute to the nation’s economic growth It helped maintain a uniform currency, made loans, and encouraged overseas trade with Europe. The bank’s backing came largely from the private sector.

HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLAN
Foundation of Hamilton's financial plan was a Bank of the United States -- Washington requested written opinions from Jefferson & Hamilton Provisions: Gov't would be the major stockholder despite bank being a private stock corp. Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus moneys in the bank Federal gov't would have a convenient safe. Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation. Government would print urgently needed paper money thus providing a sound & stable national currency.

Issues with BUS Jefferson strongly opposed the bank States' righters
Moneyed interests would benefit at the expense of farmers. State banks would not be able to compete against federal bank. Federal gov't did eventually enjoy a monopoly of surplus funds Jefferson: Constitution did not stipulate creation of a nat’l bank. Hamilton argued Constitution would support a plan for a national bank loose construction “elastic clause” "necessary & proper"

Whiskey Rebellion Western farmers refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey which formed the backbone of Hamilton’s revenue program. When a group of Pennsylvania farmers terrorized the tax collectors, President Washington sent out a federalized militia force of some 15,000 men, and the rebellion evaporated Strengthening the credibility of the young government.

Neutrality Proclamation
U.S. still obligated to France under the Franco-American alliance of 1778 President Washington believed war should be avoided at all costs Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France Warned citizens to be impartial to both Britain & France

Citizen Genet Censured
French envoy/ profiteer undertook to entice U.S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause and recruited Americans Wrongly believed Neutrality Act did not truly reflect the wishes of Americans. Suggested going over "Old Washington's" head by appealing to the voters. Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced.

Jay’s Treaty with Britain
John Jay negotiated a treaty with British which attempted to settle the conflict at sea In addition wanted to curtail English agitation of their Indian allies on the western borders. The agreement actually settled few of the issues and merely bought time for the new nation in the worsening international conflict. Jay was severely criticized for his efforts He was hanged in effigy But the Senate accepted the treaty as the best possible under the circumstances.

Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
Thomas Pinckney was invited to the Spanish court to strengthen what Madrid perceived to be her deteriorating position on the American Frontier. The result was the Pinckney Treaty, ratified by the Senate in 1796 in which the Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic. Including the right of deposit in the port city of New Orleans, and recognized the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida.

Treaty of Greenville with Ohio Indians
Cleared 2/3 of Ohio and Indiana of Indian tribes.

Defeat of Indians on the Frontier
Iroquois nation forced onto reservations in New York & Pennsylvania after the Revolutionary war. Indians in Northwest and Southwest borders, Shawnee and Miami tribes increasingly hostile toward Americans.

Defeat of Indians on the Frontier
General “Mad” Anthony Wayne finally led U.S. forces to victory in Old Northwest Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794 Treaty of Greenville (1795) Eastern Woodlands Indians now saw their lifestyle ruined by increased competition for fur trade, white settlement, and ruining of hunting grounds. Forced westward, they came into increased conflict with tribes west of Mississippi. A movement to regenerate Indian society swept through the region and was led by certain Indian prophets but eventually failed due to continued American expansion.

Washington’s Farewell Address
He had reluctantly accepted a second term when his friends & advisors begged him to stay -- Unanimously reelected Washington lost his nonpartisan standing when he became a Federalist Refused to accept a third term as President Farewell Address Warned against evils of political parties -- partisan bitterness. Warned against permanent foreign alliances (like treaty with France) Jeffersonians angered that speech seemed to declare U.S. hostility toward France. Isolationism became dominant U.S. foreign policy for next 100 years.

Washington's Precedents
President came to rely on department heads for advice & consult regularly with cabinet. Chief executive gained the right to choose his own cabinet. Two-term office for president After Jay resigned, went outside the Supreme Court to select new Chief Justice

Election of 1796 John Adams became the Federalist candidate: experienced leader from Massachusetts. Democratic-Republicans gathered around Thomas Jefferson Adams d. Jefferson 71 to 66 in the Electoral College

XYZ Affair with France A three-man delegation was sent to France in 1798 to persuade the French to stop harassing American shipping. When they were solicited for a bribe by three subordinates of the French Minister Talleyrand, they angrily refused, and their report of this insult produced outrage at home. The cry “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” was raised, and public feelings against the French ran high. Since Talleyrand’s officials were unnamed in the dispatches…the incident became known as the XYZ affair.

Alien and Sedition Acts
Elections in 1798 had increased the Federalists’ majorities in both houses of Congress Used their “mandate” to enact legislation to stifle foreign influences. The Alien Act raised new hurdles in the path of immigrants trying to obtain citizenship The Sedition Act widened the powers of the Adams administration to muzzle its newspaper Critics. Both bills were aimed at actual or potential Republican opposition, and a number of editors were actually jailed for printing critical editorials.

Undeclared Naval Warfare, 1798-1799 -- “Quasi -War”
U.S. war preparations set in motion Adams suspended all trade with France and authorized American ship captains to capture armed French vessels Undeclared hostilities ensued for 2 1/2 years between

Convention of 1800 Major war with France avoided
French Foreign Minister Talleyrand became eager to negotiate a peace Adams shockingly submitted to the Senate a new foreign minister to France Envoys arrived in 1800 to negotiate with Napoleon (who was bent on European conquest) Convention of 1800 Significance Major war with France avoided

Washington To Jefferson
THEMES Washington To Jefferson

Domestic Policy Adams Foreign Policy Political Economic WASHINGTON
Before President WASHINGTON Foreign Policy Political Social/Cultural Domestic Policy Economic Adams

Before President Lieutenant Colonel in the French and Indian War ( ) Virginia delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress ( ) Head Command of the Continental armies in the Revolution ( ) Virginia delegate to the Annapolis Convention (1786) Chairman of the Constitutional Convention (1787)

WASHINGTON’S DOMESTIC POLICY
Political Judiciary Act of 1789 Farewell Address Social Judiciary Act of 1789 Whiskey Rebellion Economic Hamilton’s 10% Tariff Sale of Public Lands: AOC, Land Ordinance of 1785, and Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Excise Tax. Hamilton Taxes First Bank of the US State Debts VP: John Adams Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

WASHINGTON’S FOREIGN POLICY
French Revolution and Citizen Genet Neutrality Proclamation Jay’s Treaty with England Pinckney Treaty with Spain

Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Political Economic JOHN ADAMS
Before President JOHN ADAMS Foreign Policy Political Social/Cultural Domestic Policy Economic

Before President One of the most effective writers against the Stamp Act Defended the British soldiers involved in the “Boston Massacre” Massachusetts delegate to both the First and Second Continental Congresses Helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, 1783 Vice President under Washington

ADAMS’S DOMESTIC POLICY
Social: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Political: XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Act Naturalization Act “Midnight Judges” Economic: Quazi-War

ADAMS’S FOREIGN POLICY
XYZ Affair (1797) Virtual War with France Convention of 1800

TERMS Jefferson to the War of 1812

Jeffersonian Democracy
Small federal government States rights Strict construction Favored farmer Low taxes No national debt No national bank Laissez faire economics

Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges
A last-ditch attempt by the Federalists to bequeath a conservative judiciary to the Jeffersonian. Included in this act were many “midnight appointments” by Adams, which resulted in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case. Midnight Judges Judicial Review Impeachment of Samuel Chase

John Marshall Chief Justice
Appointed during last days of Adam’s term Most important CJ (served 34 years) Once a Federalist, always a Federalists.

Barbary Wars Barbary Pirates: Colorful Mediterranean plunderers who disrupted American commerce there at will. The success of the BP demonstrated the worldwide lack of respect for the fledgling American nation Underscored the immediate need for a stronger navy to protect American’s oceangoing trade.

Marbury v. Madison 1803 William Marbury, chosen for judicial office in Adams’ famous “midnight appointments” just before he retired, failed to receive his commission Jefferson, the new president, instructed his secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver the appointment. Marbury then commenced proceedings in the SC to have his commission delivered In this famous case, Justice Marshall struck down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, declaring Congress had no power to expand the powers of the judiciary outlined in the Constitution. In this way, Marshall affirmed the Court’s power of judicial review: its right to review the constitutionality of all laws passed by congress.

Louisiana Purchase 1803 Clever negotiating by Livingston and James Monroe gave the U.S. a remarkable land buy Ended French involvement in Louisiana, and created problems of its constitutionality for Thomas Jefferson.

Corps of Discovery: Lewis and Clark 1804 - 1806
Sacajawea

Jefferson Re-elected 1804 Defeats Charles Pinckney Pushed:
International peace Territorial expansion Inexpensive unobtrusive government

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Ambitious New York Republican politician who narrowly lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. He became VP, and was indirectly responsible for the passage of the twelfth amendment Created a “ticket” of candidates in each political party. His later career was marked by the unfortunate duel with Alexander Hamilton Also the sordid Burr conspiracy in which he allegedly tried to arrange the secession of the southwestern part of the United States.

Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton
Then Burr Will attempt to separate the Western part of the US…go figure

Chesapeake Incident The crew of British frigate Leopard stopped, searched, and dragged four sailors off an American ship. The strained British-American relations that ensued and the issue of impressments fore- shadowed the advent of the War of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807 Drafted by Madison
Forbade American traders from any economic involvement in European affairs. With this law, Jefferson was reluctantly shifting toward Washington’s foreign-relations position as stated in his Farewell Address. Very unpopular in New England Indirectly stimulates manufacturing in New England. Reduces European imports; boats do not want to leave empty.

Non-Intercourse Act 1809 Replaced Embargo
Formally reopened trade with all nations except France and Britain Remained until the War of 1812 Why did the Embargo fail?

Jefferson’s Legacy Expansion Ended European expansion
Native Americans For whites only Ended European expansion Democratic non-diplomatic government

Van Buren The Birth of Texas Election of 1836 Jackson’s Legacy
Stephen Austin Santa Anna Sam Houston Jackson’s dilemma Election of 1836 Birth of the Whigs “King Andrew I” William Henry Harrison Martin Van Buren Jackson’s Legacy Van Buren’s Presidency Caroline Incident “Aroostook War” Creole Incident Van Buren

Van Buren Panic of 1837 Election of 1840 Causes Results
Whigs Proposals shot down by Van Buren Treasury Bill of 1840 (Divorce Bill) Independent Treasury System Election of 1840 Van Buren Re-nominated by Democrats “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Van Buren

Harrison William Henry Harrison Whig VP – John Tyler
Secretary of State: Daniel Webster Election of 1840 Harrison

TYLER Anti-Jackson Democrat Secretary of State: Daniel Webster
Tyler vs. Congress Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Clay’s Bill for 3rd BUS Canadian Border 45th Parallell TYLER

The Rise of "King Cotton" THE SLAVERY ISSUE
Prior to 1793, the Southern economy was weak Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) Trade Cotton exported to England; $ from sale of cotton used to buy northern goods For a time, prosperity of both North and South rested on slave labor Cotton accounted for 50% of all American exports after 1840. THE SLAVERY ISSUE

The Three South's: Border South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri
Plantations scarcer; cotton cultivation almost nonexistent; Tobacco main slave crop (as in Middle South); More grain production (as in Middle South) 1850, Slaves = 17% of population.; Avg. 5 slaves per slaveholder 1850, over 21% of Border South’s blacks free; 46% of South’s free blacks 22% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 6%; Ultra-wealthy = 1% Produced over 50% of South’s industrial products THE SLAVERY ISSUE

The Three South's: Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.
Each state had one section resembling more the Border South and another resembling the Lower South. Unionists would prevail after Lincoln elected; Disunionists would prevail after war began Many plantations in eastern Virginia and western Tennessee 1850, slaves = 30% of population; Avg. 8 slaves per slaveholder 36% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 32%; Ultra-wealthy = 14% THE SLAVERY ISSUE

The Three South’s: Lower South: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas Plantations prevalent; cotton was king; grew 95% of Dixie’s cotton & almost all of its sugar, rice, and indigo Disunionists (secessionists) would prevail after Lincoln was elected 1850, slaves = 47% of population; Avg. 12 slaves per slaveholder Less than 2% of blacks free; only 15% of South’s free blacks 43% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%; Ultra-wealthy = 85% Produced less than 20% of South’s industrial products THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Slaves and the slave system (the "Peculiar Institution")
Economic structure of South was monopolistic, dominated by wealthy plantation owners Plantation system Risky : Slaves might die of disease, injure themselves, or run away. One-crop economy Repelled large-scale European immigration THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Plantation slavery Nearly 4 million slaves by 1860; quadrupled in number since 1800 Slaves seen as valuable assets and primary source of wealth Punishment often brutal to send a message to other slaves not to defy master’s authority Life in the newly emerging western areas particularly harsh (LA, TX, MS, AL) Afro-American slave culture developed THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Burdens of slavery Slaves deprived of dignity and sense of responsibility that free people have, suffered cruel physical and psychological treatment, and were ultimately convinced that they were inferior and deserved their lot in life. Denied an education since; seen as dangerous to give slaves ideas of freedom Slaves often insidiously sabotaged their master’s system Many attempted to escape THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Slave Revolts Stono Rebellion, 1739 Gabriel Prosser, 1800 Denmark Vesey, a mulatto in Charleston, devised the largest revolt ever in 1822. Nat Turner’s revolt Southern white paranoia THE SLAVERY ISSUE

The White Majority THE SLAVERY ISSUE
By 1860, only 1/4 of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to slave-owning families 75% of white southerners owned no slaves at all. Mountain whites THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Free Blacks THE SLAVERY ISSUE
Numbered about 250,000 in the South by 1860 Discrimination in the South Discrimination in the North THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Early Abolitionism THE SLAVERY ISSUE
Definition: Abolitionism: Movement in the North that demanded the immediate end of slavery First abolitionist movements began around the time of the Revolution esp. Quakers American colonization Society THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Early Abolitionism THE SLAVERY ISSUE Abolitionists in the 1830s
Second Great Awakening convinced abolitionists of the sin of slavery. Abolitionists inspired that Britain emancipated their slaves in the West Indies in 1833 THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Radical Abolitionism THE SLAVERY ISSUE William Lloyd Garrison
American Anti-Slavery Society Theodore Dwight Weld Wendell Phillips Angelina and Sarah Grimke Arthur and Lewis Tappan - wealthy New York silk merchants. *** Organization would eventually split along gender lines; women’s rights issues*** THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Radical Abolitionism THE SLAVERY ISSUE David Walker Sojourner Truth
Elijah Lovejoy Martin Delaney Frederick Douglass THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Pro-slavery whites responded by launching a massive defense of slavery as a positive good.
Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and Aristotle (slavery existed in ancient Greece). It was good for barbarous Africans who were civilized and Christianized Master-slave relationships resembled those of a "family." George Fitzhugh -- most famous of pro-slavery apologists’ “Gag resolution" THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Abolitionist impact in the North
Abolitionists, esp. Garrison, were unpopular in many parts of the North. Many mob outbursts in response to extreme abolitionists Ambitious politicians avoided abolitionists (e.g., Lincoln) – abolitionism was political suicide By 1850, abolitionism had had a deep effect on the Northern psyche. THE SLAVERY ISSUE

Popular Sovereignty and the Mexican Cession
Intense debate over what to do with the Mexican Cession. Wilmot Proviso: New territory should be free of slavery Issue threatened to split both Whigs and Democrats along sectional lines "Popular Sovereignty" Lewis Cass, 1812 War vet, became Democratic candidate for president in 1848 Definition: Sovereign people of a territory, under general principles of the Constitution, should determine themselves the status of slavery. Supported by many because it kept in line with democratic tradition of self-determination. Fatal flaw: It could spread the "peculiar institution" to new territories. Road To Civil War

Election of 1848 Road To Civil War
Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, "Hero of Buena Vista" Free-Soil party Coalition of northern antislavery Whig, Democrat, and Liberty Party men in the North distrusting Cass & Taylor Result: Taylor 163, Cass 127, Van Buren 0 Free-Soilers won no states and did not actually affect the outcome of the election. Road To Civil War

California Statehood Road To Civil War
Gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill; prospectors in 1848 known as "forty-eighters“ Masses of adventurers flocked to northern California. Gold essentially paved the way for rapid economic growth in California CA drafted a Constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery and asked Congress for admission Road To Civil War

Sectional Balance in 1850 Road To Civil War South
Had presidency, majority in the cabinet, and a majority in the Supreme Court Equal number of states in Senate thus strong veto power Yet, South deeply worried In 1850, 15 free and 15 slave states CA would tip the balance in the Senate and set a free-state precedent in the southwest New Mexico and Utah territories seemed leaning toward free state status. Texas claimed vast area east of Rio Grande (part of NM CO, KA & OK) and threatened to seize Santa Fe. Southerners angered by Northern demands for abolition of slavery in Wash. DC. Extremely angered over loss of runaway slaves, many assisted by North. When CA applied, southern "fire-eaters" threatened secession Road To Civil War

Underground Railroad and the Fugitive Slave issue
Consisted of informal chain of antislavery homes which hundreds of slaves were aided by black & white abolitionists in their escape to free soil Canada. Harriet Tubman ("Moses") (ex-slave from Maryland who escaped to Canada) Jerry Loguen: Led hundreds of slaves to their freedom Prigg v. Pennsylvania, Political. significance: by 1850 southerners demanded a new more stringent fugitive-slave law Road To Civil War

Compromise of 1850 Road To Civil War Sunset of the "Great Triumvirate"
Clay initiated his 3rd great compromise Calhoun (dying of TB) rejected Clay’s position as not being adequate safeguards. Webster supported Clay’s compromise (famous "7th of March speech" of 1850) Meanwhile, William H. Seward (nicknamed "Higher Law" Seward by his adversaries) Road To Civil War

"Compromise of 1850" Road To Civil War
California admitted as a free state ‘ Abolition of the slave trade in District of Columbia Popular sovereignty in remainder of Mexican Cession: New Mexico and Utah territories. More stringent Fugitive Slave Law (than 1793) Texas to receive $10 million from federal gov’t as compensation for its surrendering of disputed territory to New Mexico. Road To Civil War

Result Road To Civil War North got better deal.
Fugitive Slave Law became the single most important frictional issue between north and south in the 1850s. Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North Road To Civil War

Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (from NH) Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott ("Old Fuss & Feathers") but party fatally split Result: Pierce d. Scott Significance: Marked effective end of Whig party; complete death 2 years later Significance of Whig party: Webster & Clay had kept idea of Union alive (both died in 1852) Road To Civil War

Expansionism under President Pierce
War in Nicaragua seemed inevitable; Britain challenged Monroe Doctrine Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): Neither U.S. or Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway. America looks toward Asia Road To Civil War

Expansionism under President Pierce
Cuba Polk had offered Spain $100 million for Cuba; Spain categorically refused. two expeditions by private southern adventurers into Cuba failed. 1854, Spain seized U.S. steamer Black Warrior on a technicality. Ostend Manifesto Secret document whereby U.S. would offer $120 million for Cuba and if Spain U.S. would take it by force. News leaked out and angry northern free-soilers forced Pierce to abandon it. Road To Civil War

Gadsden Purchase (1853) Road To Civil War
U.S. concerned that CA & Oregon inaccessible by land & sea routes too tough Debate: Should transcontinental railroad route run through the North or South? Result South boosted its claim to railroad North now tried to quickly organize Nebraska territory but the South opposed it. Road To Civil War

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Stephen Douglas proposed carving Nebraska Territory into 2: Nebraska, Kansas Slavery issue would be based on popular sovereignty His main motive was to give Illinois the eastern terminus for the proposed Pacific railroad. Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska free 36-30 line prohibited slavery north of it; Kansas above it. Southerners fully supported it and pushed Pierce to support KS- NB Act Douglas successfully rammed the bill through Congress; great orator of his generation Road To Civil War

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 Northern reaction Southern reaction Effectively wrecked the Compromises of 1820 & 1850 Birth of the Republican party Republican party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Road To Civil War

Antislavery literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Hinton R. Helper: The Impending Crisis of the South (1857) Road To Civil War

"Bleeding Kansas" Road To Civil War
New England Emigrant Aid Company: Sent 2,000 into Kansas to prevent slavery from taking hold and to make a profit. Southerners infuriated by apparent northern betrayal -- attempts to abolitionize Kansas. 1855 election in Kansas for first territorial legislature , a gang of proslavery raiders shot up and burned part of free-soil Lawrence, Kansas. Road To Civil War

The Caning of Charles Sumner
Sumner a leading abolitionist Senator from Massachusetts, gave speech "Crime Against Kansas" where he lashed out at southern pro-slaveryites and insulted a S.C. Senator S.C. Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by hitting Sumner over the head 30 times or more with an 11-oz gold-headed cane. The House of Reps could not find enough votes (122 to /3 needed) to expel Brooks but he resigned nonetheless, and was unanimously reelected by S.C. Sumner came to symbolize for the North the evils of the slavery system (along with bleeding Kansas issue) Road To Civil War

Pottawatomie Massacre -- John Brown & followers, in May 1856, hacked 5 men to pieces with broadswords in response to attack on Lawrence (and the caning of Sumner) Civil war in Kansas ensued from 1856 and merged with Civil War of Road To Civil War

Lecompton Constitution (1857)
Kansas had enough people to apply for statehood on popular sovereignty basis. Southerners, still in power since 1855, devised a tricky document People were not allowed to vote for or against constitution as a whole but voted for the constitution. with or w/o slavery. If people voted no on slavery, rights of slaveholders already in KS protected Infuriated free-soilers boycotted the polls Slaveryites approved constitution with slavery late in 1857. Road To Civil War

James Buchanan chosen as Democratic nominee over Pierce (seen as too weak) and Douglas (who alienated the southern wing of the party after denouncing Lecompton constitution.) Republicans nominated Captain John C. Ferment "Pathfinder of the West" American Party ("know-nothing") Nativist in orientation Buchanan d. Fremont 174 to 114; Fillmore 8. Road To Civil War

The Dred Scott Decision (March 6, 1857)
Dried Scott had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. 80-year-old Marylander Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the 55 page opinion. Decision Impact Road To Civil War

Financial Crash of 1857 Road To Civil War
Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst psychologically in 19th c. Causes Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency. Crimean War over stimulated growing of grain Speculation in land and railroads backfired. Results Over 5,000 businesses failed within a year. Unemployment widespread Renewed demand for free farms of 160 acres from public domain land. Demand for higher tariff rates Republicans had two major issues for 1860: higher tariffs & Homestead Act Road To Civil War

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) – Senate seat in Illinois
Lincoln’s nomination speech: "A house divided cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure; permanently half slave and half free. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven joint debates Freeport debate most famous -- Freeport Doctrine Road To Civil War

John Brown attacks Harper’s Ferry
Brown’s scheme: invade the South secretly with a few followers and lead slaves to rise, give them arms, and establish a kind of black free state. October, Seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry Brown and his followers were hanged after a brief but legal trial. Brown became a martyr in the North Effects of Harper’s Ferry were ominous in southern eyes. Road To Civil War

Nominating Conventions of 1860
Democratic party split in two Met first in South Carolina with Douglas as leading candidate of northern wing Next convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas while the Democratic party split in two Southern Democratic Party nominated John C. Breckinridge: Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell of Tennessee Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln Seward the front-runner but perceived as too radical for victory in general election. Republican platform (broadly based) Southern secessionists warned that the election of Lincoln would split the Union. Road To Civil War

Presidential election of 1860
Lincoln elected president with only 40% of the vote; most sectional election in history. Lincoln won all Northern states except NJ and MO (180 electoral votes to 123) Breckinridge won all the Deep South states plus AK, MD, and DE Bell won Border States of VA KY and mid-slave state of TN Douglas won only MO and NJ but finished 2nd in popular votes South still had control of both Houses of Congress and a 5-4 majority on Supreme Court Road To Civil War

Southern states secede from the Union
Four days after the election of Lincoln, the "Black Republican", South Carolina legislature unanimously called for a special convention in Charleston. December, 1860, 170 South Carolina unanimously voted to secede from the other states. Within six weeks, six other states seceded (MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX) all during Buchanan’s "lame-duck" period. Four others seceded in April, 1861, after beginning of Civil War (VA, AK, NC, TN) as they refused to fight their fellow southerners and agree to Lincoln’s call for volunteers. Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery Alabama meeting. Jefferson Davis chosen as president of provisional government to be located at Richmond, VA (after Fort Sumter) Road To Civil War

Southern states secede from the Union
President Buchanan did little to prevent southern secession. Claimed the Constitution did not give him authority to stop secession with force. More significantly, northern army was small and weak and scattered on the frontier. Many of his advisors pro-southern Northern sentiment predominantly for peaceful reconciliation rather than war Ironically, Lincoln continued Buchanan’s vacillating policy when he became president. Buchanan’s serendipitous wait-and-see policy probably helped save the Union. Road To Civil War

Reasons for southern secession
Alarmed at the political balance tipping in favor of the North Horrified at victory of the sectional Republican party which appeared to threaten their rights as a slaveholding minority. Angry over free-soil criticism and abolitionism, and northern interference such as the Underground Railroad and John Brown’s raid. Many southerners felt secession would be unopposed Opportunity to end generations of dependence to the North. Morally they were in the right Road To Civil War

Crittenden amendments -- final attempt at compromise
Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky (heir to political throne of Clay) Designed to appease the South Provisions Rejected by Lincoln; all hope of compromise was gone. Road To Civil War

Union War Strategy Initial attempts to strike decisive blows in Virginia failed miserably (Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Vicksburg, Chancellorsville) Later, developed into four phases: strategy geared more toward attrition. WAR

WAR IN THE EAST: 1861 Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) -- July 21, 1861 (30 southwest of Washington) WAR

WAR IN THE EAST: 1861 General George B. McClellan and the Army of the Potomac Lincoln gave McClellan command of the Army of the Potomac in late 1861. Fatal flaw: Overcautious; frequently believed he was outnumbered when in fact he always possessed numerical advantages; Lincoln accused him of having "the slows" WAR

The Union blockade -- "Anaconda Plan"
Initially ineffective; 3,500 miles of coastline too daunting for undeveloped Union navy and undeveloped Union navy. Concentrated on principal ports and inlets where bulk materials were loaded Eventually pinched blockade-runners Respected by England; Britain did not want a future war with North WAR

The Union blockade -- "Anaconda Plan"
Battle of the Ironclads Merrimack (C.S.S. Virginia) -- former U.S. warship plated on sides with old railroad rails; (not really seaworthy); first of the ironclads Monitor -- Union counterpart to Merrimack built in 100 days WAR

THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862
The Peninsula Campaign (April 5-June 16, 1862) McClellan persuaded Lincoln to abandon a direct frontal assault by land and to try a flanking approach to Richmond by moving up the peninsula between James & York Riv’s. Seven Day’s Battles (June 25-July 1, 1862) Peninsula campaign abandoned by Lincoln Losses: Confederates 20,141; Union 15,849 WAR

Second Battle of Bull Run (14 July to 30 August) General Pope put in charge of Union army near Washington. Combined forces of Lee, Jackson, & Longstreet forced Federals to escape once again to Washington. Some blamed McClellan for not coming fast enough to support Pope. Casualties: Union 16,054; Confederates 9,197 Lincoln once again gave McClellan command of the Army of the Potomac. WAR

Antietam (September 17, 1862) Lee sought to invade Maryland hoping to wrestle it from the Union and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South. Sept Battle of Antietam Considered one of most decisive battles in world history. WAR

The Emancipation Proclamation
Became effective Jan. 1, 1863 1. Civil War now became more of a moral crusade: a "higher purpose" Lincoln’s immediate goal not so much to free slaves as to strengthen the moral cause of the Union at home and abroad 3. Didn’t go as far as Congress’ existing legislation for freeing enemy-owned slaves 4. Constitutionality of proclamation questionable at the time WAR

THE WAR IN THE WEST Battle for control of the Mississippi
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant became Lincoln’s most able general Fort Donelson and Fort Henry Shiloh New Orleans WAR

THE WAR IN THE EAST WAR Lee defeated Bunside at Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville Battle of Gettysburg WAR

THE END OF THE WAR IN THE WEST
Vicksburg Campaign Sherman marches through Georgia WAR

ELECTION OF 64 AND COPPERHEADS
Celement Vallandigham Election of 64 WAR

END OF THE WAR WAR Grant promoted head of the Union
Grant pushes for Richmond Cold Harbor Siege of Petersburg Seige of Richmond Lee’s Surrender Lincoln’s Assassination WAR

Reconstruction WAR 1964-65: Lincoln’s 10% plan 1865: 13th Amendment
: Johnson’s Version of Lincoln’s proposal : Congressional Plan: 10% plan with the 14th Amendment : Military Reconstruction: 14th Amendment plus black suffrage later, established by the 15th Amendment Compromise of 1876: Ends Reconstruction WAR

RED, KKK AND IMMIGRANTS A. Mitchell Palmer- Fighting Quaker
Godsend to conservatives and businessmen Kill Labor Sacco and Vanzetti KKK Anti: foreign, Catholic, black, Jewish, pacifists, communist, revolutionary, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, birth control. Foreign Emergency Quota Act 1921 Immigration Act 1924

Americanism Seattle General Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Strike
United Mine Workers of America John L Lewis Palmer Raids

PROHIBITION, GANGS, SCOPES
Volstead Act Dry vs. wet Gangs Chicago Al Capone Charles Lindbergh St. Valentines day massacre Scopes Dayton Tennessee Clarence Darrow WJB

The Mass-Consumption Economy
Automobile The Man Nobody Knows Babe Ruth Jack Dempsey Frederick W. Taylor Model T. Ford Flying Charles Lindbergh Spirit of St. Louis

Radio, Hollywood, and God
Marconi Amos n Andy The Birth of a Nation The Jazz Singer Margaret Sanger Come to Church v. Devil Flappers Racial Pride Marcus Garvey- UNIA Post WWI writing

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 “Dark Horse Candidate” Republican
VP-Calvin Coolidge Secretary of State-Charles E. Hughes Major Items: Teapot Dome Scandal Ohio Gang Washington Conference 5 Power Treaty Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922 From 27% Underwood to 38.5%

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 Esc-Cumming Transportation
Railroads go to private ownership Return to Normalcy Chicago Race Riots Clark Memorandum Dawes Plan

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Muscle Shoals Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
Republican VP-Dawes Secretary of State-Frank Kellogg Major Items: Muscle Shoals Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 McNary-Haugen Bill

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 Republican VP-Curtis
Secretary of State-Henry L. Stimson Major Items: National Origins Immigration Act 1929 Panic and Depression Stock Market Crash 1929

Great Depression Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930
Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Army

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democrat Eleanor Roosevelt
VP-Garner, Wallace, Truman Major Items: New Deal and alphabet government(AAA, CCC, NIRA, SEC, TVA, etc) Second New Deal (WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security, etc) Huey Long Court Packing Scheme

Relief, Recovery and Reform The Banking Crisis
First Hundred Days: Glass-Steagall, SEC, HOLC, FHA, FERA, CCC, PWA, AAA, NIRA, TVA Relief, Recovery and Reform The Banking Crisis Emergency Banking Relief Act 1933 HOLA Glass-Stegall Banking Reform Securities and Exchange Commission

CCC FERA PWA WPA NYA AAA Dust Bowl

Indian Reorganization Act
NIRA Section 7a NRA Blue Eagle Wagner Act CIO Fair Labor Standards TVA FHA Social Security Act Indian Reorganization Act

Critics of the New Deal The American Liberty League
Father Charles Coughlin Senator Huey Long Share our Wealth Dr. Francis Townsend Schechter vs. US Butler vs. US Judiciary Reorganization Bill

Road to WWII Treaty of Versailles League of Nations
Washington Conference Locarno Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan Great Depression Good Neighbor Clark Memorandum Montevideo Conference Declaration of Lima Declaration of Panama London Economic Conference FDR Recognizes USSR Tyding-McDuffie Act Jones Act Mussolini Hitler Communism Japan Hoover-Stimson Doctrine Triparte Pact Neutrality Act 1935,1936, 1937 Spanish Civil War Rome Berlin Axis

WWII FDR Quarantine Speech Blitzkrieg Cash and Carry
Chamberlain- Appeasement Sudetenland Munich Conference Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggression Pact Blitzkrieg Cash and Carry Fall of France Battle of Britain Tripartite Pact Lebensraum Selective Service

WWII America First Committee Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Destroyer-Bases Deal Election of 1940 Four Freedoms Speech Lend Lease Shoot-on-sight Atlantic Charter Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japanese Embargo Tojo Pearl Harbor

US in WWII Sun Belt Rosie the Riveter War Production Board
WAC’s, WAVES, WAF’s War Production Board Office of Economic Stabilization Smith Connoly Antistrike act Manhattan Project A. Philip Randolph March on Washington Bracero Program Zoot Suit Riots Executive Order 9066

Battles Bataan Death March Holocaust Stalingrad Russia D-Day Japan
El Alamein Invasion of Germany Battle of the Bulge Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Holocaust Russia Japan

Conferences Potsdam Casablanca Cairo Tehran Yalta

Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 Democrat VP-Barkley Major Item:
WW II ends- atomic bomb Taft-Hartley Act 1947 Truman Doctrine 1947 Marshall Plan 1947 Berlin Airlift North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Fall of China to communism 1949 Korea “Fair Deal”

Index to this page Bill of Rights Amendment 1 Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly Amendment 2 Right to bear arms Amendment 3 Quartering of soldiers Amendment 4 Search and arrest Amendment 5 Rights in criminal cases Amendment 6 Right to a fair trial Amendment 7 Rights in civil cases Amendment 8 Bail, fines, punishment Amendment 9 Rights retained by the People Amendment 10 States' rights Later Amendments Amendment 11 Lawsuits against states Amendment 12 Presidential elections Amendment 13 Abolition of slavery Amendment 14 Civil rights Amendment 15 Black suffrage Amendment 16 Income taxes Amendment 17 Senatorial elections Amendment 18 Prohibition of liquor Amendment 19 Women's suffrage Amendment 20 Terms of office Amendment 21 Repeal of Prohibition Amendment 22 Term Limits for the Presidency Amendment 23 Washington, D.C., suffrage Amendment 24 Abolition of poll taxes Amendment 25 Presidential succession Amendment year-old suffrage Amendment 27 Congressional pay raises

Urbanization Skyscrapers Brooklyn Bridge Nouveau Riche New Immigration
27 million came 11 million went back Ellis Island Angle Island Darwin Education Realism Chinese immigration Working Men’s Party of California Chinese Exclusion Act 1862 Tammany Hall Social Gospel Nativism New Morality Women Suffrage

Industrialism Tech innovations Railroad Vanderbilt Robber Barons
Bell/Edison Vertical vs. Horizontal Integration Interlocking directorates JP Morgan Bessemer Process Gospel of Wealth “New South” Raise of Labor

Overview of Reconstruction
: Lincoln’s 10% plan 1865: 13th Amendment : Johnson’s version of Lincoln’s proposal : Congressional plan: 10% plan with 14th Amendment : Military Reconstruction (Congress): 14th Amendment plus black suffrage later established nationwide by 15th Amendment.

ULYSSES S. GRANT (1869-1877) Grant Republican His VP- Calfax Wilson
Secretary of State – Hamilton Fish MAJOR ITEMS: 15th Amendment -1870 First Transcontinental Railroad – 1869 Tweed Ring

Grant Panic of 1873 Credit Moblier Whiskey Ring
Minor V. Happersett -1873

Grant Slaughter House Cases 1874 Civil Rights Act 1875
Hayes-Tilden Standoff

Grant White Supremacy KKK Black Codes Scalawags Carpetbaggers
Share Cropping

Rutherford B. Hayes =1877-1881 Hayes Republican VP-Wheeler
Major Items: Bland-Allison Act – 1878 Free coinage of silver Troops withdrawn from South -1877

James A. Garfield 1881 Garfield Republican VP-Chester A. Arthur
Secretary of State – James A. Blaine Major Items: Garfield’s Assassination C. Julius Guiteau

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) Arthur Republican
Secretary of State – James A. Blaine Major Items Pendleton Act -1883 Civil service commission set up

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) Cleveland Democrat VP-Hendricks
Major Items: Knights of Labor (1886) Haymarket Riot (1886) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Wabash vs. Illinois (1886)

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) Harrison Republican VP – Morton
Secretary of State – James A. Blaine Major Items Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Populists Party Platform of 1892 ND, SD, MT, WA – 1889 States Idaho, Wyoming -1890 McKinley Tariff

Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) Cleveland Second Administration Democrat
VP-Stevenson Major Items: Panic of 1893 Hawaiian Incident 1893 Venezuelan Boundary Affair – 1895

Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) Cleveland Pullman Strike 1894
American Federation of Labor Wilson – Gorman

William McKinley (1897-1901) McKinley Republican
VP- Garet Hobart ( ) VP-Theodore Roosevelt Secretary of State John Hay

William McKinley (1897-1901) McKinley New Imperialism
Spanish American War (April 1898 to February 1899) Open Door Policy (1899) Boxer Rebellion (1900) McKinley’s Assassination Leon Czogosz

Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909) Roosevelt Republican VP-Fairbanks
Secretary of State-John Haw, Elihu Root Major Items: Panama Canal Square Deal Corollary to Monroe Doctrine – 1904 Portsmouth Treaty 1905

Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909) Roosevelt Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan
Hague Conference Hepburn Act Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Muckrakers-1906

Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909) Roosevelt
Political Reformers of the Roosevelt Era Trust-Busting Coal Strike Conservation Venezuelan Debt Controversy -1902 Dominican Republic Crisis

William H. Taft (1909-1913) TAFT Republican VP – Sherman Major Items:
Paine-Aldrich Tariff -1909 Pinchet-Balling conservation, polygamy problem 1909 “Dollar Diplomacy”

Woodrow Wilson -1913-1921 Wilson Democrat VP-Marshall Major Items:
Underwood Tariff -1913 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendment Federal Reserve System – 1913 Clayton Anti-Trust Act -1914

Woodrow Wilson -1913-1921 Wilson
Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico The Lusitania – May 1915 “Fourteen Points” January 1917 Treaty of Versailles – “New Freedom”

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 “Dark Horse Candidate” Republican
VP-Calvin Coolidge Secretary of State-Charles E. Hughes Major Items: Teapot Dome Scandal Washington Conference Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922

1920’s The Red Scare Palmer Raids Sacco and Vanzetti KKK
Seattle General Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Strike United Mine Workers of America Palmer Raids Sacco and Vanzetti KKK 1921 Immigration Act 1924 National Origins Act Scopes Trial Prohibition Economy Inventions Harlem Renaissance

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Republican VP-Dawes
Secretary of State- Frank Kellogg Major Items: Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 Republican VP-Curtis
Secretary of State-Henry L. Stimson Major Items: National Origins Immigration Act 1929 Panic and Depression Stock Market Crash 1929 Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930 Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Army

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democrat VP-Garner, Wallace, Truman
Major Items: New Deal and alphabet government(AAA, CCC, NIRA, SEC, TVA, etc) Second New Deal (WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security, etc) Huey Long Court Packing Scheme

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democrat VP-Garner, Wallace, Truman
Major Items: WW II Hitler Mussolini Fascism Spanish Civil War Appeasement Quarantine speech neutrality acts Lend-lease Destroyer deal Pearl Harbor North Africa Big Three Normandy Yalta Holocaust Atlantic Charter United Nations Manhattan Project

Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 Democrat VP-Barkley Major Item:
WW II ends- atomic bomb Taft-Hartley Act 1947 Truman Doctrine 1947 Marshall Plan 1947 Berlin Airlift North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Fall of China to communism 1949 Korea “Fair Deal”

APUSH REVIEW.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "APUSH REVIEW."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

APUSH REVIEW.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "APUSH REVIEW."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback