1. Control of the Cell Cycle 8.3 page 211

2. Read pages 211-213 in your text Answer questions 1-5 page 213

3. Normal control of the cell cycle The cell cycle is controlled by proteins called cyclins and a set of enzymes that attach to the cyclin and become activated. The interaction of these molecules, based on conditions both in the cell’s environment and inside the cell, controls the cell cycle Each group of cyclins regulate if a cell is ready to move into the next phase of the cell cycle

5. When cells lose control Occasionally, cells lose control of the cell cycle This uncontrolled dividing of cells can result from: – the failure to produce certain enzymes – the overproduction of enzymes – the production of other enzymes at the wrong time

6. result Cancer Cancer is a malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA This loss of control may be caused by environmental factors (ex. Tobacco use) or by changes in enzymes production

7. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell In most cases, cancer cells form a tumor

8. Review……… Cancer, then, is a disease in which a single normal body cell undergoes a genetic transformation into a cancer cell.

9. What is cancer animation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTToleb qo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTToleb qo

10. MD Andersen informative cancer video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_wRpa2b 5XI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_wRpa2b 5XI

11. Characteristics of cancer cells 1.cancer cells are genetically unstable 2.cancer cells do not correctly regulate the cell cycle 3.cancer cells escape the signals for cell death 4.cancer cells can survive and proliferate elsewhere in the body

12. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes These genes control the cell cycle Proto-oncogenes encourage cell division Tumor suppressor genes inhibits cell division Together, they coordinate the regulated growth that normally ensures that each tissue and organ in the body maintains a size and structure that meets the body’s needs.

13. Mutated proto-oncogenes… Mutated proto-oncogenes become oncogenes Oncogenes are genes that stimulate excessive cell division Mutations in tumor suppressor genes inactivate these genes, eliminating the critical inhibition of cell division that normally prevents excessive growth. Also prevents apoptosis…(remember that word??)

14. http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_ vid_oncogene/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_ vid_oncogene/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXTsxPPc TEs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXTsxPPc TEs

15. metastasis Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body

16. How cancers differ Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases in which cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always named for the place where it started Different cancers grow at different rates and respond to different treatments

17. Tumors that are not cancer Not all tumors are cancerous Tumors that aren’t cancer are called benign Benign tumors can not invade other tissues or spread Benign tumors can cause problems – They can grow very large and press on healthy organs and tissues

18. Question: What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

19. How common is cancer? Second leading cause of death in the USA exceeded only by heart disease Most common type of cancer is skin cancer (nonmelanoma skin cancer)

20. Largest tumor (according to internet) In August 2010, doctors removed a tumor weighing nearly four stone –24 kilos, or 56 pounds– from a woman in Argentina. It had been growing inside her body for 18 months. The huge growth was taken out of the 54- year-old’s womb during a four-hour operation at a hospital near the capital, Buenos Aires. The unnamed patient was discharged weighing just over 16 and a half stone – five stone 7lbs less than when she was admitted

22. Scientists measure the impact of cancer in a population by looking at a combination of 3 elements: – Incidence rate: number of new cases per year – Mortality rate: number of deaths per year – Survival rate: proportion of patients alive at some point after diagnosis

23. Cancer TypeEstimated New CasesEstimated Deaths Bladder69,25014,990 Breast (Female – Male)230,480 – 2,14039,520 – 450 Colon and Rectal (Combined) 141,21049,380 Endometrial46,4708,120 Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer56,04612,070 Leukemia (All Types)44,60021,780 Lung (Including Bronchus)221,130156,940 Melanoma70,2308,790 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma66,36019,320 Pancreatic44,03037,660 Prostate240,89033,720 Thyroid48,0201,740

24. Cancer researchers use the term lifetime risk to indicate the probability that a person will develop cancer over the course of a lifetime. In the USA, men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk and women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk of developing cancer.

25. Types of Cancer Carcinomas – Rises from epithelial layers (lining of external and internal surfaces). Body organs. Most common. Ex. Breast, uterus, prostate, lung, mouth, stomach, colon, rectum, urinary tract Sarcomas – Arise from connective and fibrous tissue. Ex. Muscle, bone, cartilage Lymphomas – Cancer of the lymphatic system Leukemias cancer of the blood cells

26. Causes of cancer Genetics. Causes “sporatic mutations” Lifestyle factors (tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diet, obesity, UV Exposure, physical activity, toxic wastes, asbestos, chemicals) “Carcinogens”. Called “somatic mutations” Certain types of viral infections Environmental exposure to different types of chemicals and radiation

27. Normal and smoker’s lungs comparison

29. Oral Cancers

30. Skin cancers

31. Skin cancer A- asymmetry B- border C-color D- diameter E- evolving

32. Colorectal cancer

33. Pancreatic cancer

34. Colorectal cancer signs and symptoms of colon cancer include: A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely Weakness or fatigue Unexplained weight loss Many people with colon cancer experience no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. When symptoms appear, they'll likely vary, depending on the cancer's size and location in your large intestine.

35. Genetics and cancer Some people are born with mutations that directly promote the unrestrained growth of certain cells or the occurrence of more mutations Inherited characteristics such as fair skin, do not promote the development of cancer but make someone more susceptible

36. Only 5-10% of all cancers are inherited These tend to appear earlier in life Ex. Breast and colon

37. Cancer prevention Be physically active Eat fruits, vegetables, and grains Limit your time in the sun Know your body and recognize the warning signs

38. Cancer treatment 3 major ways of treatment – Surgery- removing tumors – Radiation- slowing the growth of cancer by preventing cells from reproducing – Chemotherapy- anti-cancer medication which interferes with cell cycle

39. Question Why is early diagnosis and treatment of cancer important?