1. CULTURE

2. Men’s natures are alike;
It is their habits
that carry them apart…
The Basis of Culture 2

3. Society: A defined territory inhabited by people who share a common culture
Culture: A society’s total way of life; knowledge, values, customs shared by members of a society
Material culture: physical tangible objects
Nonmaterial culture: ideas, knowledge, beliefs, values that influence behavior 3

4. Nature vs. Nurture Debate:
About 50% is genetic makeup and 50% is environment
Instincts: genetically inherited, unlearned patterns of behavior EX: being a mother? No- not all women want kids
Reflex: automatic reactions to physical stimuli
EX: pupils contract in bright light
Drive: Biologically inherited impulse to reduce discomfort EX: eat, drink, sleep 4

5. What is Culture?
for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns.  
The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871. 
Tylor said that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." 
Edward B. Tylor

6. What is Canadian Culture?
What do you define as Canadian culture?
What symbols are connected with the “Canadian Identity”? Could Canada be considered as having only one set identity?
What is the difference between the Cultural Mosaic and the Melting Pot?
Is it cool to be “Proud to be Canadian?”

7. The Rant A Product of Molson Canadian
Hey. I'm not a lumberjack, or a fur trader.
And I don't live in an igloo, or eat blubber, or own a dogsled.
And I don't know Jimmy, Sally or Suzy from Canada, although I'm certain
they're really, really nice.
I have a Prime Minister, not a President.
I speak English and French, NOT American. and I pronounce it 'ABOUT', NOT
'A BOOT'.
I can proudly sew my country's flag on my backpack. I believe in peace
keeping, NOT policing. DIVERSITY, NOT assimilation, AND THAT THE BEAVER
IS A TRULY PROUD AND NOBLE ANIMAL.
A TOQUE IS A HAT, A CHESTERFIELD IS A COUCH, AND IT IS PRONOUNCED
'ZED' NOT 'ZEE', 'ZED'!!!
CANADA IS THE SECOND LARGEST LANDMASS! THE FIRST NATION OF
HOCKEY! AND THE BEST PART OF NORTH AMERICA!
MY NAME IS JOE!! AND I AM CANADIAN!!!!!!!!
Thank you.

8. The Rant Continued
Why do you believe The Rant was so effective as an advertising campaign?
Do you believe it became more than just a commercial to sell beer? Why
What does this say about Canadian Culture with respect to our southern neighbors?

9. How do Anthropologists regard cultures? (ch2)
Anthropologists see culture – as a constantly changing organism.
Change happens gradually unless completely destroyed by another culture
They see cultural change as a result of a limited # of factors and they try to identify that is the most significant at the time. (i.e. leadership, shift in values, norms, technological change, environmental change)
Generally Anthropologist study cultures that are relatively isolated (developing countries)
What causes cultures to change? “Social Changes”?

10. Classification of Culture Whether or not culture is likely to change depends on:
Physical environment – (length of winter)
Level of technology – (very wired, travel on foot, etc.)
Social Organization – (kinship system, division of labour)
System of symbols – (Physical objects, gestures, dance, trends, hairstyles)
Examples
They study these aspects of culture to answer anthropological questions

11. 3 Major Sources of Cultural Change
Invention – new products, ideas, social patterns
Discovery – finding something previously unknown
Diffusion – spreading of ideas methods and tools
Enculturation: The process where members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values, and beliefs
Ch2 - pg

12. Are we born knowing our culture?
LANGUAGE & CULTURE
Are we born knowing our culture?

13. KNOWING OUR CULTURE: The pen is mightier than the _____________
Better safe than _______________
Don’t bite the hand that _____________
No news is ____________________
A penny saved is a ________________
Children should be seen and not ______________
Better late than ______________

14. The Relationship between Language and Culture
Culture is learned by the passing on of experiences, ideas, and knowledge
Symbols: something chosen to represent something else
Language
Physical objects
Gestures
Body language

16. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Our idea of reality depends upon the particular language that we have learned
He threw me a curve ball
The teacher fielded my questions well
You’re way off base
You’re really batting 1000
What are the ground rules?
I just wanted to touch base with you
She really went to bat for me
You have two strikes against you already
He’s a real team player
Just give me a ballpark estimate
Aah…you’re way out in left field

17. WHAT CAN VOCAB TELL YOU ABOUT A CULTURE?
-When something is important to a society, its language will have many words to describe it Ex: Canadian obsession with time… nanosecond, millisecond, moment, minute, hour, era, interim, recurrent, century, light year, afternoon, eternal, annual, meanwhile, regularly, tardy …just to name a few!

18. Discussion
Describe some specific ways you see language affecting social behavior among students at our school
Some experts believe that without language there is no thought. Do you agree? Why or why not?

19. Norms and Values

20. Norms: The rules we live by
They define what is appropriate and inappropriate
They are learned
They guide social behavior
They may be so ingrained that we are unaware of them until one is broken
Examples?

21. Types of norms Folkways Mores (Mor-ays) Routine ways of doing things
Norms with little moral significance
A violation will elicit a mild social reaction
Mores (Mor-ays)
Norms that have great moral significance
Conformity draws approval and violation can bring strong disapproval
Most serious of all mores is a taboo

22. Laws
Formally defined norms
Enforced by law officials

23. C. Enforcing Norms
1.Informal Sanctions: rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms (informal)
Examples?
2. Formal Sanctions: Can only be applied by officially designated persons

24. D. Values: Broad ideas about what most people consider to be desirable
They form the basis for norms
Different societies can have a different norm based on the same value
Examples?

25. Belief and Material Culture

26. Belief: Ideas about the nature of reality
They can be true or false
People base behavior on their beliefs regardless of how true or false it is
The Gap: Ideal and Real
Ideal culture – guidelines a culture claims to accept
Real culture – actual behavior patterns by members of a society
Example: Honesty is a virtue
-cheating on exams
-not paying taxes
-dishonest business practices
-copying a friends homework

27. Material Culture- the concrete, tangible objects of a culture -Have no meaning or use apart from meanings people give them Examples?

28. Cultural Diversity and Similarity

29. Ethnocentrism: Judging others in terms of one’s own culture and believing that one’s own culture is superior or more desirable
Cultural Relativism: Learning to look at things from a different point of view. Not making a value judgment based on your beliefs and norms

30. Why does culture change?
Culture is dynamic
Why does culture change?
Discovery – finding something that already exists
Invention – creation of something new
Example: light bulb, cell phones, internet
Diffusion – borrowing from another culture
Example: Tacos, pizza, ??

31. Social categories: groupings of persons who share a social characteristic (age, gender, religion)
Subculture: A group that is part of dominant culture but differs in an important respect
Example: Chinatown, circus friends
Counterculture: A subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to central beliefs and attitudes of dominate culture
Example: anarchist, gangs

32. Cultural universals: general cultural traits that exists in all cultures
Examples: language, marriage, cooking and eating rituals, family, government, religion, humor, music, sports, funeral rites
Cultural particulars: The way a specific culture expresses a universal trait
Example: childcare