1. Pakistan

2. Independent Pakistan and Government Since Then

3. Civil War Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971 Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh

4. Politics Pakistan goes back and forth from being a democracy and being ruled by a military dictator after a coup. Pakistani politics have a tradition of being underhanded, violent, and volatile.

5. Pakistan Politics Jinnah (1947)>> <<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77) Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96) << Musharraf (1999-2008) Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now)

6. History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, dies 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated. 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic. 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president. 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup. 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM. 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in 1986. 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM. 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of incompetence & corruption.

7. History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization. 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election brings Bhutto back to power. 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption allegations. 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League wins elections. 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup. 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss parliament. 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and communication networks. 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto

8. A Pattern of Instability  Many different governments rule Pakistan, non achieve stability  Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s but is ousted. The military now rules.  Bhutto is assassinated in 2007. U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.

9.  Coup d’etat.  Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists.  U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.” Gen. Pervex Musharaff

10. The Musharraf Era Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self appointed as president in 2001. Enjoyed western support due to his announced intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan. Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended the constitution and jailed several supreme court members before they were about to evaluate the validity of his election. During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive economic performance. Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.

11. Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on terror. US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11. Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support. Question now is whether or not the US should have continued to support Musharraf since he became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.

12. President Prime Minister Asif Ali Zardari Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani

13. Effects: Suffering Economy  Economy suffered from decades of internal political disputespolitical  a fast growing population  mixed levels of foreign investment  a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring IndiaIndia

14.  Economic development.  Political instability/military dictatorship.  Hindu-Muslim tensions.  Gender issues  honor killings.  Terrorism.  The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons. Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today

16. Conflict Over Kashmir

17. Kashmir, Nehru, the British Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to sign on with India, and Nehru makes exception to the rule of partition: “in cases of majority population land goes to Pakistan in border regions”......

18. 18 Kashmir  Kashmir, a region occupied by Pakistan and India, lies south of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan.  This disputed territory is the scene of sporadic fighting between the armies of Pakistan and India. China also occupies a part of Kashmir.

21. History of the Conflict  The territory of Kashmir  The territory was handed over to India after they gained independence from the British in 1947.

22. The Problem  The Kashmir area was predominantly Muslim.  The ruler of Kashmir fled to India and agreed to place Kashmir under Indian rule if India would protect Kashmir from invasion.  If there had been a vote in Kashmir, the majority probably would have voted to become part of Pakistan for religious reasons.

23. REGIONBuddhistHinduMuslimOther Kashmir Valley -4%95%- Jammu-66%30%4% Ladakh50%-46%3% REGIONBuddhistHinduMuslimOther Northern Areas --99%- Azad Jammu and Kashmir --99%- Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir Source: BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian Census Data

24. The Importance of Kashmir to India and Pakistan The geography is mostly rural, with large mountains, deserts, and valleys. The region could have natural resources such as oil, gold, or silver that has not yet been discovered.

25. Control of the Indus River The Indus begins in Kashmir, flows through Pakistan, then flows into mainland India. Since Kashmir is part of India, they could dam the Indus and change the flow of the river. Without fertile land to grow crops, Pakistan would become a desert and its people would starve.

26. Religious Sites Both Pakistan and India have sites in Kashmir that are important to their respective religions. –Pakistan is predominately Muslim. Kashmir is predominately Muslim. –India is predominately Hindu.

27. Strategic Location India-Kashmir acts as a buffer. Pakistan-Kashmir offers a fertile roadway into India for possible invasion.

28. 1947: Pakistan invaded Kashmir

29. ... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in 1947-8, ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...

30. 1965: Second war over Kashmir

31. 1965 War Conflict’s Context: US [Pakistan] vs. USSR [India] Global Cold War

32. War  Three major wars between India and Pakistan have been fought over the Kashmir territory  1947-1948  1965  1971  A fourth war almost took place when Pakistan invaded and attempted to capture Kargil.

33. The Battle for Kashmir  India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in northern India  Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region continues.  In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars  Indo-Pakistan War of 1947  Indo-Pakistan War of 1965  Indo-Pakistan War of 1971  Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)

34. 1971 India-Pakistan War

35. 1999 Kargil Skirmish Context: Both nations nuclear powers

36. Kargil Conflict (1999) In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence capability. Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore Summit was held in 1999. The sense of optimism was short-lived, however, since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India.

38. Nine killed in violence in India's Kashmir March 21, 2001 JAMMU, India -- Nine people have been killed in a series of military skirmishes in India's troubled northern state of Jammu and Kashmir.

39. Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001

40. A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian- Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001

41. Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001

42. Kashmiri Militants - 2003

43. Photo: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008 163 people die from terrorist bombings A Kashmir Connection? Lashkar, Regional History and Islamist Militarism Taj Mahal Hotel

44. Kashmir Today Insurgency and Terrorism, State and Proxies

45. Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into refugee camps in Jammu

46. Still: Kashmiris not allowed to decide their own fate

47. Stalemate Continues....

57. Nuclear Rivalry Between Pakistan and India

59. INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWER

60. What title would you give this political cartoon?

63. Nuclear Power: India-Pakistan Indian Nuclear Power Plants Pakistani Nuclear Power Plants

64. India Weapon of Mass Destruction India does possess nuclear weapons and maintains short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft, surface ships, and submarines under development as possible delivery systems and platforms. Although it lacks an operational ballistic missile submarines India has ambitions of possessing a nuclear triad in the near future.

65. India Weapon of Mass Destruction India tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive." India performed further nuclear tests in 1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").

66. The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

67. THE “ISLAMIC BOMB” PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998. DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

68. Supporters of former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant nationalist slogans in support for his nuclear policy - 1998

69. 1998: India tested their first nuclear weapon. Pakistan followed with nuclear tests.

70. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him for making India a nuclear power - 1998

71. Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998

72. Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998

73. 2002 Military Statistics

74. India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Day,” - 2002

75. India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - 2002

77. 2002 Nuclear Statistics

78. Musharraf and Vajpayee at a meeting on nuclear issues in Nepal in 2002

79. Is this a possibility?

81. Partners in the “War on Terror?”

82. Threat of Taliban to Pakistan

84. Taliban Connections Rooted in Pakistan The Taliban emerged as a powerful movement in late 1994 when Pakistan chose the Taliban to guard a convoy trying to open a trade route from Pakistan to Central Asia. With Pakistan providing weapons, military training, and financial support, the Taliban gained control over several Afghan cities and successfully captured Kabul in September 1996

85. Taliban Connections to Pakistan Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on strong religious and ethnic bonds between the Taliban and Pakistan, especially with the tribal areas on the North-West borders of Pakistan. Most of the Taliban’s leaders were educated in refugee camps in Pakistan where they had escaped the Soviet invasion. Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and Pashtuns constitute thirteen percent of the total population of Pakistan. Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are concentrated in the North-West Frontier province, which was the command center for the Mujahedeen groups fighting the Soviet troops and a major destination for the Afghan refugeesNorth-West Frontier province

86. Taliban Connections to Pakistan Pakistani Taliban members have been involved: In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks inside Afghanistan Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal Shehzad Participated in numerous suicide bombings and urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan including the siege at the Pakistan Naval Base Mehran in Karachi

87. Pakistani Taliban Alliance with Al-Qaeda Dates back to the Soviet-Afghan War Taliban has provided shelter to Al-Qaeda leaders Has been operationally active with the terrorist group Vowed to avenge the killing of Osama Bin Laden Vows to continue the war with the USA

88. Taliban Moves to Pakistan In October 2001, thousands of Pakistani Pakthun tribesmen were mobilized for armed action and crossed the Durand Line into Afghanistan to resist both the American and NATO forces. For example, Sufi Mohammed, a Pakhtun cleric and leader of the Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law infiltrated Afghanistan with about 10,000 boys and young men.

89. Taliban Moves to Pakistan The arrival in tribal areas of the Afghan’s Taliban and Al-Qaeda’s senior leadership along with hundreds of Afghan, Arab, Chechen, Uzbek, East Asian, and Sudanese fighters in Pakistan distributed millions of dollars among the tribal elders for shelter Al-Qaeda as been leasing compounds from the tribesmen to establish training camps and command and control centers.

90. Taliban Moves to Pakistan In 2002, when the Pakistani Army invaded the tribal areas, it transformed the existing widespread militancy into a full-blown insurgency. This has since spread throughout Pakistan

91. 91 The war spills over into Pakistan Pakistani military intelligence manipulation of the Afghanistan war - from the 1980s onward Taliban and Haqqani Network across the Pakistani border provinces Cross-border illicit trade US operations in Pakistan –CIA and Special Forces assassination teams –CIA drone bombings –The assassination of Osama Bin Laden

92. 92 Refugees Afghans constitute the largest single refugee population in the world with an estimated 6 million people or 30 percent of the global refugee population. The population has been greatly affected by a refugee problem for years. Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in Pakistan.

93. 93 Refugees Pakistan has received the most

94. Pakistani Taliban Numbers There are about 40 militant groups with a combined membership between 30,000 and 35,000. They are decentralized and do not always agree. They use social networks to recruit, raise funds, and to harass people.

95. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban Recruit young men by offering them access to and membership in social networks, money, power, and respect Many are young unemployed men who have had no access to education or jobs Brainwash the men during the interactions For example, many of the suicide bombers are poor, uneducated students in their early teens

96. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban Existing poverty from an ongoing lack of infrastructure The government’s inability to provide education and fair legal system aid recruitment efforts Most join because they are poor and feel that the government does not care about them. For example, in 2009, the average salary of a low-level Taliban member was $180 a month, while in other areas it was as high as $240 a month

97. Why Pakistan Men Join the Taliban The government’s inability to provide better shelter and services to the refugees in the camps have aided recruitment. Young men frustrated by the preventable deaths of family members due to pneumonia and diarrhea join the Taliban The Taliban provides swift and free justice in hostile areas

98. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban They sometimes use abduction and other coercive tactics to recruit fighters and quell dissent. In early 2007, they began forcing school children to sign up for suicide bombing missions by kidnapping 30 children

99. Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban The Pakistani Army when fighting against the insurgents have killed many civilians and this has led to the people joining the Taliban for revenge For example, in 2009, 1,150 civilians were killed during Pakistan Army actions The Pakistani Army also alienates locals by arbitrary arrests, illegal detentions, unlawful killings, deliberate property damage, executing people without trials

100. BBC, 2009

101. Most Recent and Widely Known Pakistani Taliban Attack The banned Islamist group, which has intimate links to the Afghan Taliban and al Qaeda, unabashedly confirmed it tried to kill teen activist Malala Yousufzai as she rode home from school in a van October 9, 2012 But before that, the group, formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), took the global spotlight when Faisal Shahzad, a Pakistani-American, attempted to detonate a car bomb in New York's Times Square in May 2010. The TTP took responsibility, and Shahzad testified that he had received training from them. Formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, the group is very closely linked with its namesake in Afghanistan as well as with al Qaeda. It shares its religious extremist ideology -- but is its own distinct group. The TTP also has a different goal, but its tactics are the same, says Raza Rumi, director of policy and programs at the Jinnah Institute, a Pakistani think tank. "Their primary target is the Pakistani state and its military," he says. "It resents the fact that it (Pakistan) has an alliance with the West, and it wants Sharia to be imposed in Pakistan."

103. Malal Yousafzai Ms. Yousafzai was targeted for advocating the right of girls to education, and for exposing the daily violence and intimidation after the Taliban took control of the Swat valley. She had been writing a blog for the BBC in Urdu under the pen name “Gul Makai” since the age of 11. As the Taliban were driven out of the Swat valley in 2009, her identity was made public. She received the National Peace Award from former Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on December 19, 2011, and was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize the same year by the Dutch organisation “Kids Rights”. Ms. Yousafzai was also a speaker for the Child Assembly in Swat, an initiative supported by UNICEF in 2011. She appeared on national and international television to express her views on the rights of children and girls. On the day of the attack, spokesperson for the Pakistani Taliban, Ehsanullah Ehsan, confirmed to international media that they attacked her because “she [was] anti-Taliban and secular”, adding that she “would not be spared. She was pro-West, she [was] speaking against Taliban and she [was] calling President Obama her idol […]She [was] young but she [was] promoting Western culture in Pashtun areas”,he said. He reiterated the threats to kill her if she survives the attack.

104. Malala Yousafzai Gunmen halted the van ferrying Malala Yousafzai through her native Swat Valley, one of the most conservative regions in Pakistan. They demanded that other girls in the vehicle identify her. Malala had faced frequent death threats in the past. Some of the girls pointed her out. At least one gunman opened fire, wounding three girls. Two suffered non-life-threatening injuries, but bullets struck Malala in the head and neck. The bus driver hit the gas. The assailants got away. Malala was left in critical condition. An uncle described her as having excruciating pain and being unable to stop moving her arms and legs.

105. Malala Yousafzai Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot in an attempted assassination by the Taliban in October, has spoken publicly for the first time of her recovery in Britain, saying God has given her "a second life" thanks to the prayers of those who supported her around the world.Malala YousafzaiTaliban Malala has been treated at the Queen Elizabeth hospital in Birmingham since being flown to Britain after being shot by the Taliban for campaigning for women's rights and girls' education

106. Malala’s Courage http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/world/asia/pakistan-erupts-in-anger- over-talibans-shooting-of-malala-yousafzai.html?hp