1. 1 Physical Development

2. 2 Physical Development in Early Childhood

3. Body Growth Slows Shape becomes more streamlined Skeletal Growth Continues New growth centers Lose baby teeth Asynchronies Brain, lymph nodes grow fastest

4. Brain Development in Early Childhood Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop Left hemisphere active Language skills Handedness Linking areas develop Cerebellum Reticular formation Corpus callosum

5. Linking Structures of the Brain

6. Handedness Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens 90% are right-handed Left-handedness not caused by brain problems Affected by Experience Position in uterus Practice

7. Influences on Physical Growth & Health Heredity and Hormones Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Emotional Well-Being Psychosocial dwarfism Sleep Nutrition Infectious Disease Immunization Childhood Injuries

8. Helping Young Children Sleep Regular bed time Early enough for 10-11 hours of sleep Special pajamas No TV or computer games before bed Bedtime ritual Respond firmly but gently to bedtime resistance No sleeping medication

9. Nutrition in Early Childhood Appetite becomes unpredictable Like familiar foods Need high-quality diet Social environment influences food choices Imitate admired people Repeated exposure to foods Emotional climate,parental pressure Poverty

10. Factors Related to Childhood Injuries Individual Differences Gender Temperament Poverty, low parental education More children in the home Societal conditions International differences

11. Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood Gross Motor Skills Walking, running smoother Catching, throwing, swinging, riding Fine Motor Skills Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing

12. Progression of Drawing Skills Scribbles: during 2nd year First Representational Forms Label already-made drawings: around age 3 Draw boundaries and people: 3–4 years More Realistic Drawings: preschool to school age Early Printing: Ages 3–5

13. Development of Children’s Drawing

14. Development of Printing in Early Childhood Up to Age 3 Scribbles Varied pencil grips Around Age 4 “Drawing print” Between Ages 4 and 6 Gradually realize writing stands for language, identify individual letters Adult pencil grip by age 5

15. Variations in 3-Year-Olds’ Pencil Grip

16. Individual Differences in Motor Skills Body Build Taller, longer limbed better at running and jumping Sex Boys: better at power and force Girls: fine motor skills, balance, foot movement

17. Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development Mastered through everyday play Formal lessons have little impact Daily routines support fine motor development Provide appropriate play space and equipment Promote fun and positive attitude

18. Physical Development in Middle Childhood.

19. Body Growth in Middle Childhood Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body growing fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive

20. Middle Childhood Growth Worldwide Shortest children: South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, parts of Africa Tallest children: North & central Europe,Australia, Canada, U.S. Secular trend in industrialized countries toward larger and heavier children

21. Brain Development in Middle Childhood Myelination increases white matter in Frontal lobes Corpus callosum Children acquire complex abilities Neurotransmitters and hormones may affect cognition and behavior

22. Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood Vision – Myopia Hearing – Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Obesity Bedwetting Illnesses Injuries

23. Causes of Myopia Genetics Myopic parents Asian heritage Early biological trauma Low birth weight Experience Reading & close work Computer use

24. Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood Little focus on eating Fewer meals with family Too few fruits and vegetables Too many fried foods and soft drinks Poverty and lack of nutritional food

25. Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood Overweight parents Early rapid growth or malnutrition Low SES Family eating habits Response to food cues Low physical activity Television

26. Risks for Obese Children More likely to be overweight adults Health risks Blood pressure, cholesterol Respiratory problems Diabetes Liver, gall bladder Cancer Psychological risks Feeling unattractive Stereotyping and teasing Depression Problem behaviors Early puberty and sexual problems

27. Illnesses in Middle Childhood More acute illnesses first two years of school Exposure Still developing immune system Chronic Diseases - 15 – 20 percent Asthma Severe illnesses – 2%

28. Accidents in Middle Childhood Most common types: Motor vehicle Bicycle Pedestrian Prevention Teach safety Model safe behavior Require helmets Watch high-risk children more

29. Deaths from Injuries, North American Children, Ages 5–19

30. Motor Development in Middle Childhood Gross Motor Skills Improvements Flexibility Balance Agility Force Fine Motor Skills Gains Writing Drawing

31. Six-Year Old’s Drawing

32. Eight-Year Old’s Drawing

33. Ten-Year Old’s Drawing

34. Individual Differences in Motor Skills Body build Sex Family encouragement, expectations SES School & community lessons available

35. Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood Child-Organized Games with Rules Sports Invented Games Video Games Adult-organized sports Physical Education

36. Providing Developmentally Appropriate Sports Build on children’s interests Emphasize enjoyment Let kids contribute Teach age-appropriate skills Limit practices Discourage unhealthy competition Focus on personal and team improvement

37. Rough and Tumble Play Friendly chasing and play- fighting Common in many mammals and across cultures Peaks in middle childhood Boys do more May help establish dominance hierarchy