1. Macronutrients Carbohydrates

2. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS Both macronutrients AND micronutrients are essential: meaning, your body needs them to function properly

3. Inorganic vs. Organic Molecules Inorganic: Molecules that are not organic Are generally simple and are not normally found in living things Organic compounds: Always contain CARBON and HYDROGEN Can contain oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

4. Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients What are the three nutrients that give you energy? These three nutrients are called MACROnutrients Your body needs a significant amount of these nutrients MICROnutrients Your body still needs these nutrients, but in smaller amounts MICROnutrients do not provide energy

5. How do macronutrients function in the proper functioning of your bodies? Provide your body with energy needed to: Grow; Repair itself; replace old cells and tissues; & Perform other specific functions/cellular processes

6. Organic Molecules: Basic Structure What they are made of and how they are put together. All the macronutrients we study in Nutrition have the similar BASIC structures Are all organic (contain CARBON, HYDROGEN) Are made up of one type of unit repeated many times (except lipids)

7. Macronutrients: Basic Structure Single unit is called the MONOmer “Mono” means “one” Many monomers linked together makes a POLYmer “Poly” means “many”

8. In other words… Each MONOMER is BUILDING BLOCK in the structure of a POLYMER Example: each brick in a brick house is a monomer. The house is the polymer.

10. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are an essential MACROnutrient: your body needs a lot of carbohydrates to function Carbohydrates are organic: they contain Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen “ Carbo” = Carbon “Hydrate” = water = H 2 O

11. Naming carbohydrates: The GENERAL name for the MONOMER of carbohydrates is MONOSACCHARIDE Mono = “one” and “saccharide” = sugar The GENERAL name for the POLYMER of carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDE Poly = “many” and “saccharide” = sugar

12. Naming Carbohydrates Cont… Carbohydrates are recognizable by their -ose endings

13. Monomer? Polymer? We were working with two sugars, lactose and glucose, trying to figure out which was which When lactose was broken down, glucose became present Lactose + enzyme  glucose + galactose Polymer + enzyme  monomer + monomer Look at the other way: Monomer + monomer  polymer Glucose + galactose  lactose

14. Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, & Polysaccharides  Oligosaccharides: 2-10 monosaccharide units  Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides bonded together  Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide 1 + 1 = 2  Polysaccharides consist of MANY monosaccharides and/or disaccharides bonded together  Mono + mono + di + di ++++++++ = poly 1 + 1 + 1 +++++++ = 100 – 1,000’s

15. Further Classifying Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides are SIMPLE sugars Polysaccharides, which are made of MANY simple sugars linked together, are called COMPLEX carbohydrates

16. Specific examples of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Examples: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), fructose, and galactose Disaccharides Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose

17. Specific examples of Carbohydrates Oligosaccharides: 3-10 sugars Raffinose and stachyose Polysaccharides Examples: starch, pectin, cellulose, and glycogen Sugar alcohols Sorbitol, xylitol

22. A Note on the Classification of Monosaccharides The monosaccharides commonly found in humans are classified according to the number of carbons they contain in their backbone structures. The major monosaccharides contain three to six carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose (glucose).