Unit 5: Europe.

Unit 5: Europe

Bell Activity 11/18 Answer the 12 questions over the short European geography video in your journals. What rank does Europe hold in terms of size compared to the other continents? What is the Southernmost sea that borders Europe? What is the only continent more densely populated than Europe? Why have human populations lived and thrived here for so long? What does arable mean? What ocean current is responsible for Europe’s cool climate? What s Europe’s longest River? What are the large stretches of permanently frozen subsoil in northern Europe called? What shields the southern parts of Europe from the cold temperatures from the north? How is the continent of Europe usually divided? What country was formerly made from Eastern European countries and Russia? What mountain range separates European Russia from Asian Russia?

Lesson Objectives Identify Europe's major landform regions.
Identify the major rivers and bodies of water found in Europe.

Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands
Section 1: The Land Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands Struggle with Sea Netherlands 25% lie below sea level Since Middle Ages Dutch built dikes to keep out sea large banks of earth and stone Reclaimed land from sea called polders

Northern Peninsulas Europe large peninsula made of smaller peninsulas Glaciation carved out long narrow inlets called fjords Norway's coastal strip they provide fine harbors Jutland Peninsula extends into the North Sea and forms main part of Denmark Also has fjords from glaciers

Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula Home to Spain and Portugal North Pyrenees Mountains cut it off rest of Europe Strait of Gibraltar separates it from Africa Apennine Peninsula Home to Italy Shaped like boot extending into Mediterranean Sea Geographic spine the geologically young Apennine Mountains Active volcano Mount Vesuvius near Naples

Balkan Peninsula Surrounded by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas to the South and East and the Aegean and Black Seas on the East Tangle of mountain ranges stretching south from the Danube River Overland travel difficult, historically most people traveled by sea or river

Europe's Islands Iceland located in Arctic Circle Straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Glaciers lie next to volcanoes and hot springs Capital Reykjavik pipes in hot water and uses geothermal energy from hot springs British Isles 2 large islands: Great Britain Mountain ranges and plateaus and deep valleys make up Northern and Western Great Britain Southern dominated by low hills and gently rolling plains Ireland Called the Emerald Isle Lush green land with cool temperatures and abundant rainfall

Many smaller islands Mountainous Islands lie in south Mediterranean Sea Sicily, with Mount Etna highest active volcano in Europe Sardinia, Corsica, Crete and Cyprus Smaller islands Spain's Balearic Islands Malta's 5 Islands Greece's 2000 islands in Aegean Sea Europe the second smallest continent

Mountains and Plains Mountain Regions Northwest mountains ancient
British Isles highest peak Ben Nevis rises only 4406 Pyrenees Mountains in the Iberian Peninsula Rise more than feet Alps Form crescent from Southern France to Balkan Peninsula Separates warm climate in South from cooler climates in North Major rivers the Rhine and the Po originate in Alps Mount Blanc at 15,771 highest peak Carpathians run through Eastern Europe

Plains Regions North European Plain Stretches from southeastern England to Russia Major agricultural region Fertile because of loess fine rich wind-blown soil Deposits of coal iron ore led to industrial development 1800s Largest Cities, Paris and Berlin located on plain Great Hungarian Plain extends from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia and Romania Agricultural and livestock area along Danube River

Water Systems Water systems flow inland mountains and highlands to coasts By connecting rivers with canals Europeans have enhanced natural waterways as transportation links England's Thames Allows ocean-going ships to reach port of London

Rhine most important river in Western Europe
Connects many industrial cities to North Sea port of Rotterdam Danube Eastern Europe's major waterway ships barges carry million of tons of cargo Flows from Black Forests of Germany to Black Sea Main-Danube Canal links the Rhine, via its tributary the Main River, with the Danube linking North and Black Seas

Natural Resources Europe has long history of utilizing its natural resources, including energy sources, agricultural areas water and minerals. Supply of coal and iron fueled the development of modern industry Major reserves of coal found in: United Kingdom, Germany, Ukraine and Poland Many mines now either depleted or too expensive for profitable production Iron ore found in: Sweden, France and Ukraine Peat, an organic fuel found in swamps, is dried and burned when no other fuel source available Vast oil natural gas lies under North Sea France heavily invested nuclear power

Complete Unit 5 Europe Physical/Political Map
Section 1 Assignment Complete Unit 5 Europe Physical/Political Map

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Water and Land Vary from barren cold tundra in the subarctic to the warm shrub-covered Mediterranean coasts Weather influenced by sea winds

Western Europe Marine west coast climate Mild winters Cool summers
Abundant rainfall Atlantic Ocean's Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift bring warm waters from Gulf of Mexico Equator and winds that carry warm moist air across surface of landmass

Trees, Highlands Deciduous trees; ash, maple and oak thrive in the marine west coast climate of Western Europe Coniferous trees; fir, pine and spruce grow to timberline in the Alps, an elevation above which trees can't grow Alps have a highland climate Colder temperatures More precipitation Sudden changes occur when dry winds called foehns drift down into the lower valleys Trigger avalanches, destructive masses snow, ice and rock sliding down mountain side

Ireland's Forest Prior to 1600s much of Ireland covered with forest Gained independence 1922 Only 1% was woodland due to over timbering for firewood and need for farmland Since WWII state-sponsored reforestation efforts have increased woodland area

Southern Europe Mediterranean climate over the majority of the area
Warm dry summers Mild rainy winters Humid subtropical climate from Northern Italy to the Balkan Peninsula Alps block most Atlantic winds area dryer than Western Europe Local winds can change these normal weather patterns Mistral north wind from Alps sends bitterly cold air into France Siroccos high dry winds from Africa bring high temperatures Chaparral shrubs small trees native to Mediterranean climate like Cork and Olive

Eastern and Northern Europe
Eastern and parts of Northern Europe has a humid continental climate Cold snowy winters Hot summers Being further away from the oceans provides less regulation of the temperatures Vegetation is a mix of deciduous and coniferous forests Parts covered by grasslands and plain North subarctic has a tundra climate Bitterly cold winters Short cool summers Permafrost soil permanently frozen below surface Little vegetation except for mosses small shrubs wildflowers

Section 2 Assignment Complete the Ch. 11 Vocabulary WS

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Chapter 12: Cultural Geography Section 1: Population Patterns
Ethnic Diversity Ethnic Groups people with shared ancestry language customs religion Some have homogenous cultures Sweden 89% of the population are Swedes Germanic descent Swedish language Lutheran religion Others have two or more ethnic groups Belgium 2 ethnic groups = Flemings- descended from Germanic tribe who invaded in the 5th century Walloons- descended from Celtic peoples there before Germanic invasion Both are Roman Catholic Different languages have led to bitter relationships Have kept from endangering national unity

Ethnic Tensions Balkan Peninsula Shatterbelt area caught between internal and external conflict 1990s breakup of Communism worst fighting since WWII between Serbs, Croats, Bosnian, Muslims & Kosovar Albanians Centers of most brutal warfare Bosnia- Herzegovina Kosovo Ethnic cleansing Serb leaders expelled or killed rival ethnic groups Many people became refugees people who flee to foreign country Sources of Unity Most Europeans value the importance of past cultural achievements of ancestors Share commitment to democracy and the free market Values of family at the center of social life

Population Characteristics
Population Density Europe's population density greater than any other continent expect Asia Industrial areas most heavily populated Population distribution Closely associated with physical geography Mountain and Northern areas cold and less populated Common features of populated areas Favorable climate Plains fertile soil Mineral resources Inland waterway

Urbanization Large cities face overcrowding and pollution
Paris London Rome Berlin Budapest Stockholm Athens Kiev and Madrid Urban Features Naples brought past present together well Population Movements 1800s 1900s Europeans migrated to Americas, Africa and South Pacific 1950s boom in economy labor shortage Led to guest workers from other countries in Asia Africa and the Caribbean 1970s tensions rose as economy slowed between locals and Immigrants Governments limited immigration Overall population shrinking World’s lowest birthrates in Italy and Germany

Section 1 Assessment What cultural factors unite Europeans?
What factors divide them?

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Section 2: History and Government
Rise of Europe Early People Fossils suggest humans lived in Europe more than 1 million years ago Introduction of farming early Europeans settled in agricultural villages Ancient Greece and Rome Both laid foundations of Western civilization Greece Formed separated communities called city-states Each independent linked by language culture City-state Athens introduced democracy Greek art, literature, drama, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and warfare All left lasting impression on world Rome Huge empire Developments in government law engineering Built vast network of roads bridges aqueducts Influenced other cultures

Christian Europe A.D.300 Christianity official religion of Roman Empire Later one world's major religions Roman Empire split into two: Western ½ became Roman Catholic Eastern ½ became Byzantine Empire Have their own sect of Christianity known as Eastern Orthodoxy Middle Ages After fall of Rome before modern times called Middle Ages Feudalism system where monarchs or lords gave land to in return for pledges of loyalty Roman Catholic Church brought Roman government culture law to areas Germanic people Jewish communities made contributions to towns cities Sometimes persecuted Islam based on preaching of Muhammad lived during 600s Muslims developed culture in Spain Passed to Europe achievements in science mathematics medicine

Expansion of Europe Crusades series brutal wars to win Palestine from Muslims Birthplace of Christ Opened trade routes spices other goods sparked interest in other parts of world

Renaissance 300 year period of discovery and learning brought great advances in European civilization New interest in Greek and Roman culture Scientific advances movable type led to printing Spread new ideas quickly Reformation increased production of books led to this religious movement Lessened power of Roman Catholic Church European Explorations 1400s Portugal developed new trade routes around Africa to Asia Spanish rulers financed Christopher Columbus reached Americans late 1400s Voyages resulted in conquering the Americas resulting in destruction of Native Americans already thriving

Changing Europe Enlightenment stressed the importance of reason question traditions values Revolutions 1600s English Parliament passed Bill of rights limited power of monarch 1700s French revolution overthrew monarch Spread ideals of democracy 1900 most European countries had constitutions limited monarchs gave citizens rights

Industrial Revolution began in England spread to other countries
Power-driven machines transformed life Led to raise industrial capitalism economic system business leaders use profits to expand companies Led to rise of middle class working class, were poorly paid with harsh work conditions These social problems led to communism philosophy that called for economic equality and workers controlled factories Governments soon passed laws improving working conditions, improving access to education, housing and healthcare

Conflict and Division Rivalry between European powers for colonies and economic power eventually led to WWI Treaty of Versailles 1919 found Germany guilty starting war demanded reparations payment for damages Monarchies in Eastern Europe fell after WWI and many declared their independence Unresolved problems from the end of WWI and worldwide economic depression led to fascist dictators, Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy rising to power WWII started 1939 ended 1945 involved most world Holocaust horror killing of 6 million Jews others Genocide killing of group national ethnical racial religious War left Europe and its major cities in ruins Divided onto eastern under communist control of Soviet Union Western democratic received economic military aid from U.S. Division brought about Cold War, a power struggle between Soviet Union U.S.

Cold War in Europe Germany was divided into 4 zones at end of WWII Soviet controlled area became East Germany with Berlin as capital, also divided in ½ between East and West Many tried to escape East Germany to West Germany Berlin Wall built to prevent this Rest became part of West Germany with Bonn as capital Western Europe became productive capitalistic democracies East had lower standards of living due to harsh punishments enacted by the U.S.S.R.

New Era for Europe Throughout 50’s to 80’s Soviets suppressed all revolts against Communist rule 1980s communism and its economy began to crumble in Eastern Europe Berlin Wall came down in 1990 1990 free elections installed democratic leaders European Union Goal was the unification of Europe economically with free movement of goods, services and workers Has a central government, The Hague, Netherlands, with a central bank and a common currency launched in 1999, the Euro

Section 2 Assessment What two civilizations form the foundation for Western Europe? Which city-state pioneered the Democratic form of government? What led Europe to become more interested in exploring and trading with the rest of the world? Besides discovery, what did Columbus’ arrival in the new world lead to? What did the increase production of books do to the church?

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Expression of Culture Languages 50 different languages, most Indo-European family Language family group of related languages developed from earlier language Eastern Europe speaks Slavic languages Northern Europe Germanic languages Southern Europe Romance languages Which come from Latin, the dead language of the Roman civilization 100 different dialects or local forms within languages Sometimes people speaking same language can’t understand one another Most countries have one or more official languages

Religion Main religion Christianity Others Muslim Jews others Most Christians in Northeast, South and parts of West Europe are Roman Catholics, headed by Pope in Rome Protestants, Anglican, Lutheran or Reform are dominate in Northern and Northwestern Europe Muslims dominate in Southern part of Eastern Europe

Northern Ireland Religious conflicts between Catholics Wanted become part of Republic of Ireland Protestants wanted to keep ties with United Kingdom 1998 Good Friday Peace Agreement paved way for both Catholics and Protestants to hold office Balkan Peninsula Torn apart by religious wars Roman Catholic Croats, Eastern Orthodox Serbs and Muslim Bosnians fought in Bosnia-Herzegovina Later E. Orthodox Serbs v. Muslim Albanians in Serb province of Kosovo

Art and Architecture European art forms have spread around world and influenced countless other Due to European global influences in the 1800 & 1900s Reflects history as well as the ideals and values of its people Religion, Art and Architecture have long hand and hand throughout European history Parthenon in Athens & Pantheon in Rome examples of temples built to gods Islam invaders built mosque in Cordoba, Spain now Catholic Church Orthodox Churches in Salonika Greece is an example of Byzantine art Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris shows the Gothic architecture in Western Europe from the s Artist Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti influenced generations

Writers Shakespeare wrote plays and Cervantes wrote Don Quixote
1600 & 1700s new music forms of Opera and symphony emerged in Europe French painter Eugene Delacroix, British writer Sir Walter Scott, and German Ludwig Van Beethoven reflected Romanticism – Focus on emotions, stirring historical events and exotics In the 1800s a new painting style, realism accurately show details everyday life Impressionists artist moved outdoors and captured immediate experiences or “impressions” of natural world Abstract art Pablo Picasso used geographic forms and cubism

Quality of Life Western Europe, with urban and industrial growth, experiences a higher standard of living than Eastern and Southern Europe Education Literacy rates 90% except for war-torn Balkan countries Number of years required vary from country to country Portugal 6 yrs., UK 12yrs. State-Sponsored Human Services Sweden and the United Kingdom are welfare states Tax-supported programs for higher education, health care and social security In recent years proposed government cuts to social services met with opposition from voters and unions

Lifestyles Home Life Today women entered workforce families are more mobile Government tends to social concerns that were once family concern Most maintain close ties to extended family and family life still very important Sports, Recreation Soccer major sport Rugby football popular in UK ,France and Ireland Tennis, British tournament at Wimbledon major international championship Bullfighting in Spain was most popular until only just recently Ice skating marathon in Netherlands along frozen canals and rivers Figure skating in Ukraine Cross-country skiing in Alpine areas

Celebrations Greeks celebrate Easter with roast lamb Ukrainians intricately decorate eggs called pysanky Jews make potato pancakes called latkes during Hanukkah Muslims have family feast at end of Ramadan, a month long period of fasting during daylight hours British Isles Yule logs and mistletoe for winter solstice French celebrate July 14 Bastille Day start of French Revolution Celebrations maintains peoples cultural heritages when progressing forward in a continually shrinking world

Chapter 12 Section 3 Assignment
Complete Ch. 12 Vocabulary/Section 3 Review WS *due tomorrow 12/4

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Chapter 13: Europe Today Section 1: Living in Europe
Changing Economics European Union 1992 countries signed Maastricht Treaty which set up European Union Goals included the free movement of goods, services and workers between members Unify all Europe with a Central bank and common currency Working towards a unified foreign policy Enjoys larger volume of trade than any other single country Eastern Europe After WWII for 40 years or more countries under communism Government planned everything under the command economy Since 1989 countries have moved from command economy to market economy Are overcoming: Outdated equipment and methods, acquiring new technology and pollution

Industry Manufacturing
Heavy industry manufacture of machinery industrial equipment Light industry textiles processed food The Ruhr and Middle Rhine districts in Germany lead Europe in manufacturing Service, Technology Industries Service employs 60% people Banking, insurance led by UK and Switzerland are top employers Tourism in Western and Southern Europe also large part of service sector High technology is a growing sector of Europe’s economy Ireland leading manufacturer computer products software

Agriculture More Europeans earn a living from farming than any other economic activity Percentage of farmers varies greatly country to country Albania 50%, UK 2% Farming techniques In western Europe, farmers use advanced technology to make better use of limited space Mixed farming raising several kinds of crops livestock on same farm common Most western Europeans own farm averaging 30 acres Denmark farm cooperatives, where farmers share in growing selling products Reducing costs increasing profits Eastern Europe under communism farmers worked on collective farms, government-owned farms Received wages and share of crops and profits Or worked in State farms wages only, like factory worker After fall of Soviet Union countries shifted to private ownership of land Yields and profits increased with better equipment and fertilizers

Agricultural Issues Genetically modified foods genes altered to make grow faster bigger resistant to pest Opposed by many Europeans Organic farming use natural substance instead of chemicals for increase crop yields 2001 outbreak foot-and-mouth disease, a prion virus in livestock, depleted United Kingdom Threatened to spread across Europe U.S. banned all imports of animal’s milk meat Increased regulations have improved quality controls

Transportation, Communication
Railways and Highways TGV "very fast trains" France introduced in 1981 High-speed rail triangle links Paris Brussels London Passes beneath English Channel called Chunnel Germany's 4 lane superhighway called autobahn Best roads in Europe Seaports and Waterways Europe handles half of the world’s international shipping Large ports in: London, England; Antwerp, Belgium; Genoa, Italy; Le Havre and Marseille, France; Odessa, Ukraine; and Gdansk, Poland Largest port in the world in size, volume, and docks is Rotterdam in the Netherlands at the mouth of the Rhine Communication Links Use series of satellites to broadcast TV programs Eurovision links Western Europe Intervision network links Eastern Europe Cellular telephones and high speed internet have revolutionized Europe Spread faster in West than the East, but East is making large strides to reduce gap

Section 1 Assessment What challenges do eastern and western Europeans face as they move toward unification What are some European products that you know of are sold in the US today? What is your opinion on the organic food debate? What are the benefits and potential problems of high speed rail, like the ones used in Europe, in the U.S.?

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Section 2: People and Their Environment
Humans and Environment Farmers in arid areas of south Europe practice dry farming techniques These don’t use irrigation and conserves soil moister Delta project 1953 severe Atlantic storms killed 1800 people in Southwest Netherlands Next 30 years Dutch engineers built dams and dikes to prevent that from ever happening Floods Recent years much of Europe has flooded Some scientist blame natural cycle global warming

Pollution Black triangle industrial area of Poland eastern Germany Czech Republic Soot covers ground, air smells like sulphur Acid Rain Acid rain is pollution from industrial sites combined with moisture that falls as acid rain Most severe in Eastern Europe Damaged 35% Hungary's forest 82% Poland 73% Czech Republic Slovakia Runoff and meltwater from snow runs into lakes and rivers killing aquatic life Car exhaust also adds acid-forming compounds to atmosphere acid Acid deposition harms natural environment historical buildings (Acropolis and Tower of London) Air Pollution Traffic exhaust and industrial fumes cause respiratory problems deaths Eastern European countries are the most polluted in world

Global Climate Change Environmentalists are people concerned with environment Study effect carbon dioxide in atmosphere Greenhouse effect traps the sun's heat near Earth Without it everything would freeze there would be no life on earth Burning of fossil fuel raised greenhouse effect raising global temperatures as much as 2 since and 3.5 since 1860 Sea levels have risen in ever increasing amounts almost every year on record Scientists call this Global climate change and its effects will be felt for centuries to come

Water Pollution Mediterranean Sea countries use it for transportation recreation Unfortunately it is also used for waste disposal dumping sewage garbage industrial waste Takes almost century to renew itself Health hazard for people animals Danube River full of fertilizers Caused growth of algae Robs river of oxygen led to loss of fish Raw sewage dumped into river Seas and rivers in most parts of Europe have been overfished Disease and invasive species have endangered or outright wiped out native species of fish, seals, shellfish and seaweed

Reducing Pollution Environment Concerns
Europeans enjoy nature and want to preserve what little wilderness is left, while promoting economic growth which can sometimes contradicts themselves Reintroducing wolves in some parts of Europe in underway Protection of last untouched forests in Poland and the Carpathian Mts. Cleanup Efforts EU fines countries for pollution and not meeting standards Biologists, scientists who study plant and animal life, are researching effects of acid rain levels on fish Eastern European cities put acid-resistant coating on buildings statues England successfully cleaned up Thames River Future Plans Power plants are now burning clean natural gas instead of lignite coal U. S. & Western Europe aiding Eastern Europe to help modernize industry, clean up pollution

Unit 5: Europe.

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