1. CHAPTER 11 Physical Geography of Europe

2. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands  Most of land within 300 miles of seacoast— how does this affect life?  25% of Neth. Lies below sea level  Dikes—hold back water  Polders—reclaimed land (windmills) Great for farming

4. Northern Peninsulas  Scandinavian Peninsula  Glaciation—formed and spread  Fjords—long, narrow inlets  Norway, Sweden are mountainous—lakes  Jutland Peninsula—Denmark (plains, hills)

7. Southern Peninsulas  Iberian Peninsula  Southwest edge—Spain and Portugal  Strait of Gibraltar  Plateau, Pyrenees Mountains (isolation)  Apennine Peninsula—Italy Apennine Mountains—young mountains Mt. Vesuvius  SE Europe—Balkan Peninsula

8. Isolation Apennine Peninsula Straight of Gibraltar Da Boot

9. Balkan Peninsula

10. Europe’s Islands  Iceland—south of Arctic Circle  Volcanoes, hot springs, geysers (glaciers)  Grassy lowlands along coast, inland plateau  British Isles  Great Britain and Ireland (thousands of other islands) North—mountains, plateaus, deep valleys South—low hills, rolling plains Ireland—Emerald Isle (lush green land

11. Iceland

12. United Kingdom Ireland Me

13. Islands cont.  South—Mediterranean Sea  Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, and Cyprus Volcanoes and earthquakes Mt. Etna—highest active volcano in Sicily  Greece—2,000 islands  Very sunny, lots of tourism

15. Mountain Regions  Southern mountains—Pyrenees  Alps—Southern France to Balkan Peninsula  Major rivers (Rhine and Po) originate in Alps  Carpathians—eastern Europe

16. Swiss Alps Carpathian Mts

17. Plains  North European Plain (Great European Plain)  SE England & western France to Poland  Fertile soil and rivers (loess—fine soil)  Deposits of coal, iron ore, and other minerals led to industrialization in 1800s  Great Hungarian Plain  Hungary to Croatia—grains, fruits, vegetables, livestock

18. Great European Plain

19. Water System  Flow from mountains to coasts  Great transportation  Rhine—Swiss Alps through France and Germany (connect industrial cities)  Danube—Germany to Black Sea

21. Natural Resources  Utilize natural resources  Energy, agriculture, water, minerals  Coal and iron ore fueled industrial revolution  Peat—moss burned for energy in some locations  France—nuclear power (no oil reserves)

22. Pete cutting Peat Natural resources map on page 263

23. Section 2: Climate and Vegetation  Water and Land  Climates and Veg. vary cold to warm  North Latitudes—very cold  Location of sea—warm maritime winds—mild climates  Vegetation forests to grasslands

24. Western Europe  Marine West Coast Climate—mild winters, cool summers, abundant rainfall  Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift bring warm waters (and westerlies)

25. Trees and Highlands  Western Europe vegetation  Deciduous and coniferous trees Timberline—cannot grow Alps—colder, Foehns cause avalanches  Ireland’s Forests Depleted forests—agriculture and need for wood left only 1% of land forests

26. Southern Europe  Mediterranean climate  Warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters  Cold winds from Alps—mistral  Warm winds from northern Africa—siroccos

27. Eastern and Northern Europe  Humid continental climate—cold, snowy winters and hot summers  Coniferous and deciduous trees, grasslands in eastern Europe  Far North, subarctic and tundra—permafrost— frozen below surface (little vegetation)