1. Europe Today
Unit 4 – Chapter 13

2. I. Section I
Living in Europe

3. A. Changing Economies The European Union (EU)
Made it easier to trade goods with other countries
1992 – Maastricht Treaty – set up EU
Eastern Europe
For more than 40 years after WWII, communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union ran command economies
1989 – Fall of communism
Have been moving from command to market economies
Have been trying to become more industrialized
This kind of change takes lots of time and costs lots of money!

4. B. Industry Manufacturing Service and Technology Industries
Heavy Industry – the manufacturing of machinery and industrial equipment
What are some examples of these things?
Light Industry – making of textiles or processing foods
Service and Technology Industries
Service - 60% of workers in W. Europe
Banking, Insurance, Tourism

5. C. Agriculture Farming Techniques Agricultural Issues Mixed Farming
What is this and why is it used?
Farm Cooperatives – share in growing & selling products
Collective Farms vs. State Farms
What is the difference?
Agricultural Issues
Genetically modified foods – foods with genes altered to make them grow bigger or faster or be more resistance to pests
What do you think?
Organic Farming
What is this?

6. D. Transportation & Communications
Railways and Highways
Railways connect major cities so many people can travel by train
In 2000 Denmark & Sweden opened a rail and road bridge that links Sweden to W. Europe for the first time since the last Ice Age
In 1981, trains a grand vitesse (TGVs), which means “very fast trains” were pioneered in France

7. D. Transportation & Communications (Cont.)
In 1994, the Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) – a high speed rail that connects two major cities, while traveling about 150 ft. under the sea bed!
Connects London and Paris
The 31-mile trip under the English Channel takes about 20 min.
The whole journey from London to Paris takes about 3 hours

8. D. (cont) – The Channel Tunnel

9. D. (cont) Seaports & Waterways Communication Links
Rotterdam, Netherlands, is the world’s largest port in surface area, amount of freight handled, and numbers of ships it can dock at one time.
Many navigable rivers
Communication Links
Satellites
Better technology in W. Europe

10. People & Their Environment
II. Section II
People & Their Environment

11. A. Humans & the Environment
Dry Farming
The Delta Project
Dams and dikes built to seal off and protect the Netherlands’ coast
Floods
Global warming to blame???

12. B. Pollution Europe pollution
Many parts of Europe have not dealt wisely with their environment
“Black Triangle”
A heavily industrialized area in Poland, eastern Germany, and the Czech Republic, soot covers the ground, and air bears the smell of sulfur from smokestacks!
Before 1989 eastern European countries had practically no laws to control pollution

13. B. (cont) Acid Rain Very severe effects in E. Europe
Lignite coal is still the main fuel source
Damages forests, animals, buildings/architecture, fish (often through lakes or rivers (meltwater)
Automobile exhaust also contributes
Acid Deposition – know what this is!
Air Pollution
Problem in Europe – causes asthma & other respiratory problems
Poland, Romania, and the Czech Republic are some of the most polluted in the world – mostly factories

14. B. (cont) Global Warming Water Pollution
Environmentalist are very concerned with the quality of the environment in this region
Greenhouse Effect – make sure you know what this is!
The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gasoline) significantly raises the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere
Water Pollution
Mediterranean Sea
Countries bordering this sea often dump waste, sewage, garbage, and industrial waste into it
Since there is only a small opening to the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar), it takes almost a century to renew the waters of the Mediterranean completely!

15. C. Reducing Pollution Concern for the Environment Preserve forests
Reintroduce wolves
Cleanup Efforts
Guidelines by the EU
Smog check-ups for automobiles
Acid-resistant coatings on buildings & statues
Lime is added to the lakes to reduce acidity so fish don’t die
Plans for the Future
In order to be admitted into the EU, the country must follow environment standards
It is estimated that cleanup costs would be about $120 billion, so many E. Europe countries are borrowing money from W. Europe countries
Remember: If one country pollutes, it effects all countries!
Make sure you read pgs !