1. 10-4 ATB What is biochemistry? Today:
Go over your chemistry intro. Tests
Turn in your Surface Tension lab report
Being biochemistry

2. 10-5 ATB What is a macromolecule? Today: Test Averages:
Pre-quiz on biochemistry
Discuss macromolecules
Test Averages:
Period 5 – 82%
Period 6 – 84%

3. What is a monomer? Small part of a larger molecule A large molecule
Something that makes up a lipid
It is the same as a polymer

4. What is a carbohydrate? Molecule used for long term energy storage
A polymer made up of sugars
A molecule used to build muscles
A molecule that forms our DNA

5. We could expect an organic compound to always have…
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Oxygen
Carbon

6. Lipids are… A macromolecule used for energy storage
Used for short term energy
Used for structure in organisms
Found in proteins

7. Proteins… Important for energy use Make up many enzymes and tissues
are the same things as lipids
Are used first for energy

8. Today: Use the books for an intro into the biochem unit
Read book pages 51-54
Answer all but questions #4
Homework if you do not get it done

9. Biochemistry!!!!
Chapter 3

10. Organic Compounds Review – What element is in most organic compounds?
CARBON
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Four
What type of bonds can carbon form?
Single, double or triple bonds 10

11. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds =
carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may include other elements
Important elements are (other than carbon)
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sulfur
Phosphorus

12. Hydrocarbons = Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
The simplest hydrocarbon is methane or CH4
Hydrocarbons can be a gas, liquid or solid

14. Macromolecules Monomers = Polymers = Draw: Simple molecule
Smaller unit of a larger molecule
Able to attach to other monomers to form polymers
Polymers =
long chains of repeated molecules
Draw:

15. 10-6 ATB DRAW some monomers and then a polymer. Today:
Continue discussing macromolecules (carbohydrates)

16. Macromolecules = large-size molecules
Three types of polymers are essential to life:
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids (are not polymers, but are also essential)

17. What does “Mono” mean? What does “Poly” mean? What does “mer” mean?
one
What does “Poly” mean?
many
What does “mer” mean?
parts

18. 18

19. The 4 Macromolecules we’ll discuss…
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Polymers

20. Carbohydrates Sugars = Glucose = Carbohydrate – simple carbohydrates
Polymer composed of C, H, and O
Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
Sugars =
simple carbohydrates
Glucose =
provides chemical energy for cells
C6H12O6

21. Carbohydrate Function
Animals:
Short term energy use (stored as glycogen)
Stored in liver / muscles ready for use
Plants:
Energy source stored as starch (ex: potatoes)
Starch = a complex carbohydrate
Cellulose – straight chains of glucose used for structure

22. Complex carbohydrates build structures and store energy

23. Cellulose – plant structure

24. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide's Examples: “One” “sugar”
Monomer of a carbohydrate
Examples:
Glucose
Fructose (from fruits)
Galactose (in milk)

25. Carbohydrates What are disaccharides? Means “Two” “Sugars”
two sugars join to form a new sugar
Example: Glucose + fructose = sucrose

26. Carbohydrates What are polysaccharides? Means “many” “sugars”
Carbs. Made with more than three sugars

27. Carbohydrates - Glycogen

28. Carbohydrates Isomers – C6H12O6
same chemical formula, different structure
EX: - monosaccharide's
C6H12O6 28

30. 10-7 ATB What type of reaction links monomers into polymers? Today:
BOOK ASSIGNMENT!
Read pages 45-49
Questions: 1, 2 and 3

31. 10-10 ATB What are the 4 macromolecules? Which one is NOT a polymer?
Today:
Turn in your assignment from Friday

32. 10-11 ATB What is the monomer of carbohydrates? Today:
Discuss hydrolysis reactions
Discuss lipids
Turn in assignment from Friday
ATB’s to be collected this week  Thursday?

33. How do polymers bond? Condensation (dehydration) reactions!!
Chemical reaction that links monomers into polymers
Each time a monomer is added, water is released
Example:
Glucose + fructose  sucrose
Take a water from the reactants (dehydration)
Building monomers up

34. Condensation Reaction34

35. Condensation Reaction
Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) 35

36. Condensation Reaction

37. How do they break down? Hydrolysis
Addition of water to polymers in order to break them down into monomers
“Hydro” = water
“lysis” = break
Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back in to break down polymers

38. Hydrolysis Reaction SucrASE is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose
Terms with –ASE on the end typically mean it’s an enzyme

39. Hydrolysis Reaction 39

40. http://images. google. com/imgres. imgurl=http://www. yellowtang
Under reaction types

41. Carbs – Condensation vs. Hydrolysis

42. Lipids Lipids - Large non-polar organic molecules
Do not dissolve in water
Examples
fats, oils, steroids, wax and pigments
Function:
Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates = more energy
Long term energy storage
Form cell membranes
Cushions organs, keep body warm

43. Lipids = a chemically diverse group of compounds grouped together because they don’t dissolve in water
For energy, cell membranes, structural support, and steroids

44. Lipids Fatty acids - Make up most lipids – a variety of types
Have different length carbon tails
Structure:
Carboxyl head and long carbon tail

45. 10-12 ATB Which reaction type builds polymers? Which breaks them down?
Today:
Video – importance of carbon
Crackers
Worksheet --- continue working
Finish discussing lipids

46. Salivary amylase
An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars
Which type of reaction is this?
condensation
Amylase acts on starch to produce maltose (a disaccharide) - this is further broken down in the small intestine by maltase to give 2 glucose monomers

47. 10-13 ATB What does the enzyme salivary amylase do? Today:
Finish describing lipids
Describe nucleic acids
Review for the quiz tomorrow
QUIZ TOMORROW – 14 multiple choice.
ATB’s DUE TOMORROW!!!!!!!!!

48. Polar vs Nonpolar side Carbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobic
Carboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilic

49. Lipids Phospholipids Fatty acids that compose most cell membranes
Have a phosphate attached to glycerol
Two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head”
Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic

51. Lipids
So if we mixed phospholipids with water, how would they arrange?

52. Lipids
Triglyceride -
How most fats exist in body and in food
One molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)

53. Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Usually SOLID at room temp
Single bonds creates straight chains = less room around each acid makes them solid
Found in: Butter, red meat
The bad fats – you don’t really need them (artery cloggers)

54. Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Usually LIQUID at room temp
Double bonds creates kinked chains = more room to “flow” – usually liquids
Found in plant oils (vegetable oil etc.)
These are the good fats – better for your health

56. Lipids

58. Lipids
Wax
Waterproof
Protective layer in plants and animals
Ear wax

59. Lipids Steroid Compose many hormones Made of four fused rings
Testosterone
Estrogen
Cholesterol

60. Lipids Phospholipid molecule
Lipid bylayer

62. REVIEW: write answers somewhere…
What is a monomer?
What are the three monosaccharides?
What is a macromolecule?
What is a “poly” mean?
What is the function of carbohydrates in plants? In animals?
What are two functions of lipids?
What is the main function of proteins?
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
What does “disaccharide” mean?
What is the function of a condensation reaction?
If glucose and fructose are going to bond, what would be the products? What type of reaction would this be?

63. 10-14 ATB
QUIZ!!!
Any questions?
Turn in your ATB’s!!!

64. Nucleic Acid Nucleic acid -
Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell info
What are the two nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Directs cell activities and stores info for cell
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
info for protein production

65. Monomer of nucleic acids
Nucleotide

66. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Monomer of DNA and RNA
Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base

67. A special process involving proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) carry the hereditary information of organisms
Long chains of nucleotides that contain
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
Information in DNA is rewritten to RNA
RNA directs amino acid assembly into proteins
Genes = regions of DNA that code for
proteins that perform certain functions
Genome = an organism’s genes
Divided into chromosomes

68. Proteins
Produce tissues, provide structural support, store and others transport energy
Animals use proteins to generate skin, hair, muscles, and tendons
Some function as components of the immune system
They can serve as enzymes, molecules that promote certain chemical reactions

69. Proteins Organic compounds composed mostly of C, H, O and N Function:
Many body tissues
Also hormones and enzymes
Examples:
hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etc
Insulin
Human growth hormone

70. Describe: Describe: Biochemistry Carbohydrates: Reaction Types:
Macromolecule -
Monomer –
Polymer -
Describe:
Proteins:
Nucleic Acids:
Biochemistry
Reaction Types:
Condensation –
Hydroysis
Carbohydrates:
Lipids:

72. Proteins What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids
20 different AA’s – see them
4 basic parts:
Functional Group – gives AA it’s properties / shape
Amino Group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Hydrogen (H)
Functional group
Amino group
Carboxyl group

73. Concept Mapping
You are going to create a concept map that link information about the organic macromolecules we learned about.
We’re going to start it together.

74. Amino Acids 20 different structures
Go back
20 different structures
64 possible nitrogenous base combinations

75. Proteins What holds proteins together? Peptide bonds
Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.)
Polypeptide -
Three or more bonded AA’s

77. Proteins - Enzymes Proteins also make enzymes
These are biological catalysts
Substrate
Reactant being changed
Active site
Place on enzyme where reaction occurs

78. Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme A A

79. Proteins

80. We create synthetic polymers
Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers
Best known by their brand names (Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar)
Many are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons
Valuable because they resist chemical breakdown
Problematic because they cause long-lasting waste and pollution
Wildlife and health problems, water quality issues, harmful to marine animals
We must design less-polluting alternatives and increase recycling

81. The End

82. 10-29 ATB
TEST TODAY
Get ready to turn in your review sheets / concept maps
Put your name on the test
Start on #101 on the scantron

83. Carbohydrate Summary:
Answer the following:
1. What elements are in carbohydrates?
2. What are the three categories of carbohydrates?
3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called?
4. Identify three simple sugars.
5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any simple sugar?
6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each other, because they have the same chemical formula?

84. Carbohydrate Summary:
7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW PRODUCT?
8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in the joining, what is that called?
9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!

85. Extra stuff

86. Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds properties Ex:
Functional groups -
Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds properties
Ex:
Ethanol
Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar (hydrophilic)

87. Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together
Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starch
Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up 50% of wood – hard to break down / digest

88. 88

92. 10-14 ATB
All group members must be working. You must learn the information and know your role in the presentation
By the end of the period…
I need to have your printed NOTE OUTLINE (with a few diagrams to help your classmates)
You should be done with your PowerPoint.