1. What are organic molecules?
Molecules of Life
What are organic molecules?
Compounds that contain carbon
What are biological molecules?
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

2. Organic Molecules What is a cell made up of mostly?
Mostly water, but what else?
Carbon based molecules
Why is carbon so significant for these molecules?

3. Recall that an atom’s bonding ability
Is related to the number of electrons it must share to complete its outer shell
Atomic number?

4. Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’
What does sharing electrons with other atoms, in four covalent bonds mean?
Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’
With 4 different branch points
Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules
Vary in length

5. Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules
Different location of double bonds
Unbranched or branched
Rings
Activity: Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules

6. Methane ……….. Is a hydrocarbon What is a hydrocarbon?
& Hydrogen
Methane is the simplest

7. Examples of larger hydrocarbons??
Octane (in gasoline)
Fatty foods

8. Biological Molecules Food ‘Carbs’ Structural Sugar Storage Glucose
Enzymes
Glycogen
Antibodies
Cellulose
Oils
Fatty acids
(sat & unsat)
DNA
RNA
Butter

9. Carbohydrates What type of sugar is found in the following?
Small (simple) sugar molecules
Examples?
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Disaccharides
Lactose
Sucrose
Long starch molecules in pasta, potatoes
Examples?
Polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
These are our primary sources of dietary energy
In plants, carbs used as building material

10. Monosaccharides What type of sugar is found a sports drink?
Glucose
What type of sugar is found in fruit?
Fructose

11. What about honey? Its really sweet? Why?
It contains both glucose and fructose

12. Glucose and Fructose Have the same formula… C6H12O6
Why are they ‘different’?
They are isomers
L-Dopa

13. Form rings in aqueous solutions
Which sugar is this?
Glucose
Why are the carbons numbered?

14. Disaccharides Are ‘double sugars’ What are they constructed from?
2 monosaccharides
Disaccharides

15. Disaccharides Maltose: glucose and glucose Lactose: galactose and
Sucrose:
glucose and
fructose

16. Lactose, another disaccharide
Some people have trouble digesting lactose
Its a condition called lactose intolerance
Missing gene for lactase enzyme

17. Sucrose Common table sugar Sugar cane Roots of sugar beets
The most common disaccharide is sucrose, what do you know it as?
Common table sugar
What plants do we use to extract table sugar?
Sugar cane
Roots of sugar beets

18. Polysaccharides Are long chains of sugar units Starch Glycogen
(polymers)
(monosaccharides)
What are some polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Polysaccharides

19. Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Describe some characteristics of the following:
Starch
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
Glycogen
Liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy
Cellulose
Structural component, dietary fiber

20. Biological Macromolecule: Carbohydrates
Function:
Monomer:
Dietary energy
Storage
Plant structure
Examples:
Monosaccharides
(simple sugars)
(glucose, fructose)
Disaccharides
(double sugars)
(maltose, lactose, sucrose)
Polysaccharides
(long polymers)
(starch, glycogen, cellulose)

21. Lipids Activity: Lipids Fats Butter, lard, margarine, and salad oil
Do these lipids mix well with water?
Activity: Lipids
Fats

22. Lipids This diverse group of molecules includes? Fatty acids Steroids
(energy storage, cushioning, insulation)
A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
Steroids
(cholesterol, in membranes)
Characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached

23. Fatty Acids Technically called? triglycerides A fat molecule: Glycerol
‘saturated’
‘unsaturated’
Double bond ‘unsaturated”

24. Unsaturated fatty acids
(plant oils)
Have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons
Saturated fatty acids
(butter)
Have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

25. Double Bonds
What is the significance of the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon tails?
Unsaturated fats tend to be liquids at room temperature
Example?
vegetable oils
Impact on health?
unsaturated fats are safer
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature
Example?
butter and lard
Impact on health?
Saturated fats in the diet can lead to heart disease

26. Steroids How does the structure differ from fatty acids?
Ring structure, various functional groups
How does the function differ from fatty acids?
Functional groups affect function
causes differences between the hormones estrogen and testosterone
Example?
(anatomical and physical development)
cholesterol in membranes

27. Biological Macromolecule: Lipids
Function:
Monomer:
Long term energy storage
Hormones
Examples:
Fats, oils
(triglycerides)
(butter, lard, margarine, salad ols)
Steroids
(lipid rings)
(cholesterol, hormones)

28. Proteins What is a protein? A three-dimensional biological polymer
Constructed from a set of 20 different monomers
Monomers are amino acids
Activity: Protein Functions
Activity: Protein Structure

29. Activity: Protein Functions Activity: Protein Structure
Structural Proteins
Receptor Proteins
Storage Proteins
Enzymes
Contractile Proteins
Signal Proteins
Transport Proteins
Sensory Proteins
Defensive Proteins
Gene Regulatory Proteins

30. Structure, Function Storage Contractile Transport Defense Receptor
1. Hair, silk of spiders
Contractile
2. Antibodies
Transport
3. Detect environmental changes
Defense
4. Change rate of a reaction
Receptor
5. Control genes
Enzymes
6. Cell communication
Signal
7. Trigger changes inside cell
Sensory
8. Carry molecules from place to place
Gene regulatory
9. Stockpile building materials
Structural
10. Can move parts of a cell or animal

31. The Monomers What does each amino acid monomer consist of?
Amino group
Carboxyl group
A central carbon atom
Bonded to four covalent partners
Each side group is unique
Identifies each amino acid’s characteristics

32. Examples of 2 different amino acids and their side groups

33. Structure Proteins are complex! Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
To simplify, we’ll describe them in terms of 4 levels of structure:
Primary
a particular # and sequence of amino acids
Secondary
turns and folds, alpha helix, pleated sheet
Tertiary
irregular loops and folds, 3-D shape
Quaternary
2 or more polypeptides combined

34. What do they look like? Secondary structure Quaternary structure
Primary structure
Tertiary structure

35. Biological Macromolecule: Proteins
Monomer:
Function:
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Many!
Change rate of reaction
Carry molecules
Cell communication
Examples:
Enzyme
(lactase)
Transport
(hemoglobin)
= 20 amino acids
Defense
(antibodies)

36. Nucleic Acids What are nucleic acids?
The cells information storage molecules
There are two types of nucleic acids
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA, ribonucleic acid
These ‘work together’ to synthesize protein
Activity: Nucleic Acid Functions

37. Synthesizing Protein What does DNA do?
It carries instructions for building all the proteins

38. What does DNA do?
Information in DNA is transcribed into RNA

39. What does RNA do?
RNA acts as an intermediary in the protein-making process
DNA
RNA
Protein

40. What else does RNA do?
RNA then translates the (transcribed) information into the primary structure of proteins
What is the primary structure of proteins?

42. What does protein do?
Proteins carry out cell activities

43. Structure What is the structure of nucleic acids?
They are polymers of nucleotides
What do the nucleotides contain?
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Sugar
(Deoxyribose)

44. What do DNA nucleotides contain?
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: 2 1
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) 4 3
Guanine (G)
Which one is which?
Match the numbers to the base

45. Polymers of nucleotides
Linked into long chains
Nucleotide
Called polynucleotides or DNA strands
A sugar-phosphate backbone joins them together
Bases
Activity: Nucleic Acid Structure

46. 2 DNA strands form helix How does this happen? A always binds with T
Via complementary binding
(and hydrogen bonding)
A always binds with T
C always binds with G

47. RNA, different from DNA
It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in DNA
The RNA sugar has 2 OH groups vs 1 in DNA
(Ribose vs deoxyribose)

48. Biological Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids
Monomer:
Function:
Information storage
Phosphate
Examples:
DNA
Sugar
Base
RNA
Could this be a monomer for RNA?

49. Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life
Activities Quiz
Which of these is a source of lactose?
Sugar beets
milk
potatoes
sugar cane
starch
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
25,
150,
75,
50,
200

50. Which of these is a polysaccharide?
Sucrose,
glucose,
galactose,
lactose,
cellulose
Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.
Immune,
nervous,
digestive,
integumentary,
cardiovascular
Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein? A B C D E

51. Matching: vocabulary definitions
RNA
Gene
Polymer
Protein
Double helix
Amino acid
Nucleotides
Polypeptide
DNA

52. 1. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid
1. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.
_____
2. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
_____
3. An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins
_____
4. The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
_____

53. 5. A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed
5. A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids
_____
_____
6. A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
7. A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
_____
8. The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
_____
9. A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
_____