1. The Cell
Cell Types
&
Cell Parts

2. Cell Types

3. Prokaryotic Cells or Prokaryotes
The Bacteria

5. Capsule A protective covering Made up of polysaccharides
Keep the bacterium from drying out & to protect it
The capsule is a major virulence factor in the major disease-causing bacteria,
E.g. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

6. Cell Wall Gives the cell its shape
Surrounds the plasma membrane, protecting it from the environment.
Helps to anchor appendages (pili and flagella)
Responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment.

7. Nucleoid A region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located.
It is not a membrane bound nucleus
Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome
Small circular DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm.

8. Pili
Small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface.
Assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.
Without pili, bacteria lose their ability to infect because they're unable to attach to host tissue.

9. Prokaryotic Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other organelles

11. Bacterial Shapes

12. Bacterial Arrangements

13. Eukaryotic Cells Or Eukaryotes
Nucleus &
Membrane Bound Organelles

15. Animal Cell Vacuole Cytoplasm Centriole Cell Membrane Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nuclear Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome

17. Plant Cell Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Chloroplast
Nuclear Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Cytoplasm

19. Cell Membrane Controls what enters and leaves cell
Protects and supports the cell
Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer
Proteins – act as channels, carriers, or pumps to pass molecules into or out of the cell
Cholesterol molecules prevent phospholipids from sticking to each other
Fluid Mosaic

21. Phospholipid Bilayer

22. Cell Membrane

23. Cell Membrane Carbohydrate chains
Act like chemical ID cards – allows cells to recognize each other.

25. Cell Wall Plants, algae, some bacteria Helps support and protect cell
2 or more layers thick
Outer layer is where cells meet – gluey substance – pectin
Primary cell wall is next – made of cellulose

27. Nucleus large dark structure Not all cells have a nucleus
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Information center and holds DNA (genetic code)
Chromosomes – DNA and Proteins – Genetic code

32. Nucleolus Inside Nucleus Made of RNA Makes Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

33. Cytoplasm Jelly like substance Holds organelles
Most chemical reactions happen here

34. Cytoplasm
Made up of * Proteins including enzymes * Vitamins * Ions * Nucleic acids and their precursors * Amino acids and their precursors * Sugars, carbohydrates and their derivatives * Fatty acids and their derivatives
These are all part of continuous chemical reactions.

35. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Break down sugars for energy
Convert ADP to ATP
2 Membranes
Outer surrounds mitochondria
Inner increases surface area – more efficient

38. Mitochondrion

39. Chloroplast Only in plant cells Have Chlorophyll
Convert Sun energy into chemical energy

41. Chloroplast

43. Ribosome Composed of RNA and protein
some attached to membranes, some free
smallest organelles
·  25 nanometers (1 billionth of a meter)

45. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of channels – ER
Transports materials through the inside of the cell
Rough ER – Has Ribosomes covering it
Smooth ER – NO RIBOSOMES ON IT (Detoxifies)
Synthesized proteins are moved to Golgi Apparatus for modification

48. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi body
Looks like flattened stack of pancakes
Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes proteins

52. Lysosomes The Cleanup Crew
Lysosomes help digest particles – contain enzymes and chemicals necessary for digestion
Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness
Formed by Golgi Apparatus
Only in Animal Cells

61. Cellular Junctions