1. The Cell Cell Types Cell Parts Diffusion & Osmosis

2. Cell Types

3. Prokaryotic Cells (Prokaryotes) Bacteria

4. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

5. Capsule a protective covering made up of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). keep the bacterium from drying out and to protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms. The capsule is a major virulence factor in the major disease-causing bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nonencapsulated mutants of these organisms are avirulent, i.e. they don't cause disease.

6. Cell Wall composed of peptidoglycan, a protein-sugar. gives the cell its shape surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, protecting it from the environment. helps to anchor appendages like the pili and flagella, which originate in the cytoplasm membrane and protrude through the wall to the outside. responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment.

7. Nucleoid A region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located. It is not a membrane bound nucleus Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome that is responsible for replication, although a few species do have two or more. Smaller circular auxiliary DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm.

8. Pili Small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface. Assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks. Without pili, many disease-causing bacteria lose their ability to infect because they're unable to attach to host tissue.

9. Prokaryotic Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Prokaryotic are smaller and have a slightly different composition and molecular structure. Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other organelles as they sometimes are (bound to the endoplasmic reticulum) in eukaryotes free-standing structures distributed throughout the cytoplasm.

10. Eukaryotic Cells (Eukaryotes) Nucleus & Membrane Bound Organelles

11. Animal Cell Cell Membrane Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosome Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear Membrane Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Centriole

12. Plant Cell Cell Membrane Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosome Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear Membrane Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplast Cell Wall

13. Cell Membrane Control what comes in and out Protects and supports the cell Phospholipid Bi-layer Proteins – act as channels to pass molecules into or out of the cell and others act as pumps to “push” molecules from one side to the other. Cholesterol molecules prevent phospholipids from sticking to each other Fluid Mosaic

14. Phospholipid Bilayer

15. Cell Membrane

16. Carbohydrate chains Act like chemical ID cards – allows cells to recognize each other.

17. Cell Wall Plants, algae, some bacteria Helps support and protect cell 2 or more layers thick –Outer layer is where cells meet – gluey substance – pectin –Primary cell wall is next – made of cellulose

18. Nucleus large dark structure Not all cells have a nucleus –Eukaryotes –Prokaryotes Information center and holds DNA (genetic code) Chromosomes – DNA and Proteins – Genetic code

19. Nucleolus Inside Nucleus Made of RNA Makes Ribosomes –Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

20. Cytoplasm Jelly like substance Holds organelles Most reactions happen here

21. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Break down sugars for energy –Convert ADP to ATP 2 Membranes –Outer surrounds mitochondria –Inner increases surface area – more efficient

22. Mitochondria

23. Chloroplast Only in plant cells Have Chlorophyll Convert Sun energy into chemical energy

24. Chloroplast

25. Ribosome Composed of RNA and protein some attached to membranes, some free smallest organelles  25 nanometers (1 billionth of a meter)

26. Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of channels – ER Transports materials through the inside of the cell Smooth and rough ER – Rough has Ribosomes all around it Synthesised proteins are moved to Golgi Apparatus for modification

27. Golgi Apparatus  Golgi for Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Looks like flattened stack of pancakes Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes proteins

28. Lysosomes – The Cleanup Crew Lysosomes help digest particles – contain enzymes and chemicals necessary for digestion Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness Formed by Golgi Apparatus Only in Animal Cells

29. CELL The basic unit of structure & function in living organisms

30. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Was a merchant that ground up glass to make lenses Invented microscope Made over 500 in his lifetime 1 st person to examine bacteria

31. Van Leeuwenhoek’s sketches of a nerve

32. Robert Hooke 1635-1702 Used Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes Named cells after looking at cork

33. Robert Hooke’s Cork

34. Robert Brown 1773-1858 Discovered the nucleus in plant cells (1833)

35. Matthias Schleiden 1804-1881 Discovered all plants are made up of cells (1838)

36. Theodor Schwann 1810-1882 Discovered that all animals are made up of cells (1839)

37. Rudolph Virchow 1821-1902 Proposed that all cells come from pre- existing cells (1855)

38. The Cell Theory The cell theory states: A.All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things C. All cells come from preexisting cells

39. Lynn Margoulis Proposed that certain organelles were once free- living organisms themselves (1970)

40. Movement of Materials Through the Cell Membrane Cells are in a liquid environment Why is this important? –Easier for materials to get into and out of the cells

41. Passive Transport Requires no energy Occurs due to natural concentration gradient Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration (DOWN the gradient) 3 Types  Diffusion  Osmosis  Faciliated Diffusion

43. Diffusion

44. Diffusion: Can’t have cell membrane too effective –How would materials get into or out of the cell? What materials would we want to get into or out of the cell? –Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Food, Wastes Molecules are constantly moving. They spread out as volume permits

45. Diffusion: Diffusion – the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

46. Selectively Permeable: Molecules can pass through a solid if it contains spaces large enough Window screen can keep out flies, but lets air in and out it acts as a barrier If only certain substances can pass through, but not others, it is said to be selectively permeable

47. Selectively Permeable: Substances present in unequal amounts on either side Each substance moves toward area of lower concentration Equilibrium – when concentration is equal throughout, or on both sides of the membrane

48. Equilibrium: Does equilibrium mean the molecules stoped moving? NO!

49. Osmosis: Molecules that can dissolve in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane can pass through easily. Most other molecules do not. Water does The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis

50. Osmosis: What happens to raisins if you soak them in water overnight? Moves water from more dilute to more concentrated side Osmotic pressure – can be serious for cell – can rupture cell

51. Cells in Isotonic Solution

52. Isotonic Solutions If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of water on either side. " ISO " means the same

53. Cells in Hypertonic Solution

54. Hypertonic Solutions The word " HYPER " means more, in this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to be sucked in that direction. In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing wilting. In animal cells, the cells also shrink. In both cases, the cell may die. This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water

55. Cells in Hypotonic Solution

56. Hypotonic Solutions The word " HYPO " means less, in this case there are less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move into the cell. The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting, organelles called CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the cell to prevent this.

57. Osmosis Review

58. Plasmolysis When a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

59. Plasmolysis

60. Water Potential  is the symbol for water potential  p is pressure potential  s is solute potential

61. Water Potential  =  p +  s

62. Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion and osmosis – passive (no energy required) materials carried across membrane by protein molecules to speed up diffusion Fast, specific, and no energy required – still diffusion Only occurs with concentration gradient

63. Facilitated Diffusion Protein Channel or Pore

64. Facilitated Diffusion Protein Carrier

65. Active Transport Requires cell energy (ATP) to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient; from an area of LOW concentration to an area of HIGH concentration Sodium–Potassium pump (Exchange 3 sodium ions for 2 potassium ions) Hydrogen ion, or proton pump (Pump hydrogen ion against the concentration gradient)

66. Phosphorylation The addition of a phosphate (PO 4 ) group (From ATP) to a protein or a small molecule This changes the protein shape

67. Active Transport (Uniport)

68. Active Transport Na-K Pump

69. Na-K Pump Antiport

70. Glucose-Sodium Symport

71. Proton (Hydrogen Ion) Pump

72. Bulk Media Transport Endocytosis – Vesicle is created from the invagination of the plasma membrane, which pinches off bringing large molecules into the cell Pinocytosis – Cell drinking (endocytosis) Phagocytosis – Cell eating (endocytosis) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis – Substrate binds to receptor found on the plasma membrance to be brought into the cell Exocytosis – Vesicle binds to the plasma membrane releasing the contents outside of the cell

73. Endocytosis

74. Pinocytosis

75. Phagocytosis

76. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

77. Exocytosis