1. Chapter 7:2
Skeletal System

2. Key Terms (Vocabulary)
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Carpals
Clavicles
Cranium
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Epiphysis
Femur
Fibula
Fontanels
Foramina
Humerus
Joints
Ligaments
Medullary canal
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Os coxae
Patella
Periosteum
Phalanges
Radius
Red marrow
Ribs
Scapula
Sinuses
Skeletal system
Sternum
Sutures
Tarsals
Tibia
Ulna
Vertebrae
Yellow marrow

3. Human skeletal system is made up of 206 bones Bone Functions:
Framework: bones form a framework to support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin
Protection: bones surround vital organs to protect them
Levers: muscles attach to bones to help provide movement
Production of blood cells: bones help produce red and white blood cells and platelets
Storage: bones store most of the calcium supply of the body in addition to phosphorus and fats
Bones vary in shapes and sizes depending on where they are located in the body
Bones in the extremities (arms and legs) are called long bones

4. Parts of a bone The long shaft is called the diaphysis
The two end of a bone are called the epiphysis
The medullary cavity (canal) is located within the diaphysis
The medullary cavity is filled with yellow marrow, which is mainly the storage for fat cells
The endosteum is a membrane that lines the medullary cavity and keeps the marrow intact
Red marrow is found in certain bones and it produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells
Red marrow is used to diagnose blood diseases
The outside of the bone is covered with a tough membrane called the periosteum
The periosteum is necessary for bone growth because it contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts

5. Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Skull
Spinal Columns
Ribs
Breastbone
Shoulder girdle
Arm bones
Pelvic girdle
Leg bones

6. The Skull
The cranium is a spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain
8 cranial bones:
1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
Sutures

7. Facial Bones 14 facial bones 1 mandible (lower jaw)
2 maxilla (upper jaw)
2 zygomatic (cheek)
2 lacrimal (inner aspects of the eyes)
5 nasal
2 palatine (roof of the mouth)

8. Spinal Column Spinal column is composed of 26 bones called vertebrae
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (chest)
5 lumbar (waist)
1 sacrum (back of pelvic girdle)
1 coccyx (tailbone)
Pads of cartilage tissue called intervertebral disks separate the vertebrae

9. Thoracic Cavity 12 pairs of ribs 7 true ribs
5 false ribs (last 2 are “floating” ribs
Sternum is also called the breastbone
2 clavicles are attached to the sternum by ligaments

10. Bones of the upper body 2 clavicles (collarbones)
2 scapulas (shoulder blades)
1 humerus (upper arm)
1 radius (lower arm, thumb side)
1 ulna (larger bone in lower arm)
8 carpals (wrist bones)
5 metacarpals (palm of the hand)
14 phalanges (3 on each finger and 2 on the thumb)

11. Bones of the lower body 2 os coxae (hip bones) 1 femur (thigh)
1 patella (kneecap)
1 tibia (shin bone)
1 fibula (smaller bone)
7 tarsals (ankle)
5 metatarsals (instep of foot)
14 phalanges (2 on the big toe, 3 on the rest)

12. Joints Joints are where 2 or more bones come together
Ligaments help hold long bones together at the joint
3 main types of joints:
Synovial Joint: freely moveable (ball-and-socket and hinge joints)
Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable (ribs to thoracic vertebrae and joint between the 2 pelvic bones)
Synarthrosis: immovable (suture joints in the cranium)

13. Disease and Abnormal Conditions
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis: most common, chronic disease that usually occurs as a result of aging
Most frequently affects the hips and knees
Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion
Rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissues and joints
Scar tissue and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue

14. Disease and Abnormal Conditions
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae
Bursae are small fluid filled sacs surrounding the joints
Symptoms include severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint

15. Disease and Abnormal Conditions
Fractures
Greenstick: bone is bent and splits
Closed: complete break of bone with no damage to the skin
Compound (open): bone breaks and ruptures the skin
Impacted: broken bone ends jam into each other
Comminuted: bone fragments into more than 2 pieces
Spiral: bone twists and breaks
Depressed: piece of skull bone moved inward
Colles: breaking and dislocation of the distal radius
**PICTURES TO COME**

17. Disease and Abnormal Conditions
Osteomyelitis
Bone inflammation
Osteoporosis
Softening of the bones
Ruptured Disk
The intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place
Spinal Curvatures
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis