1. Chapter 15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka
Chapter 15
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
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2. Maladaptive Behavior in Different Life Periods
Developmental psychopathology
Study of origins and course of individual maladaptation in context of normal growth processes
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3. Varying Clinical Pictures
Some childhood disorders short-lived and nonspecific
Others severely affect future development
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4. Varying Clinical Pictures
Child inpatient psychiatric patients
More likely than peers to die early in life
More likely to die due to unnatural causes
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5. Varying Clinical Pictures
True or false?
Suicidal thoughts are uncommon in children.
Suicidal thoughts are common in children.
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6. Special Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children
Young children are especially vulnerable to psychological problems
They do not have as complex and realistic view of themselves and their world as they will have later
They have less self-understanding
They have not yet developed stable sense of identity
They have not yet developed a clear understanding of what is expected of them and what resources they might have to deal with problems
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7. The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders
No categories for children’s disorders
DSM-I included only two childhood disorders
Early diagnostic systems
More attention paid to developmental factors in creating and using diagnoses for children
Recent systems
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8. Common Disorders of Childhood
Intellectual Disability is included in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
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9. Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD
Impulsive, overactive behavior that interferes with ability to accomplish tasks
It still remains unclear to what extent the disorder results from environmental or biological factors
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10. ADHD
It still remains unclear to what extent the disorder results from environmental or biological factors
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11. Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Treatment methods
Medications: Ritalin, Pemoline, Strattera
Behavior therapy
Family therapy
Treatment methods
Medications (such as Ritalin, Pemoline, and Strattera)
Behavior therapy
Family therapy
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12. Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
True or false?
Research suggests that some children with ADHD go on to have ADHD or other psychological problems later in life.
True
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13. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least six months
Conduct disorder
Persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others
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14. Three Subtypes of Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Angry/Irritable Mood
Argumentative/Defiant Behavior
Vindictiveness
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15. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Possible causes
Biological factors
Personal pathology
Family patterns
Peer relationships
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16. Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Effective treatments = cohesive family model and behavioral techniques
Ineffective treatment = Punitive treatments
Punitive treatments appear to intensify rather than correct behavior
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17. Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents
Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
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18. Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Separation anxiety disorder
Excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures, such as their mother, and from familiar home surroundings.
Most common of childhood anxiety disorders
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19. Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Characteristics
Unrealistic fears
Oversensitivity
Self-consciousness
Nightmares
Chronic anxiety
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20. Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Causes and treatments
Pattern of early family relationships
Psychopharmacological treatments and behavior therapy
A likely cause of childhood anxiety disorder is a pattern of early family relationships that generates anxiety and prevents the child from developing more adaptive coping skills
Psychopharmacological treatments and behavior therapy are common treatment methods
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21. A likely cause of childhood anxiety disorder is a pattern of early family relationships that generates anxiety and prevents the child from developing more adaptive coping skills
Psychopharmacological treatments and behavior therapy are common treatment methods
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22. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Occurs with high frequency
Depressed mood can be replaced by irritability
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23. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Causal factors
Biological and learning factors
Medication plus psychotherapy
Exposure to trauma
Parental negative emotion/behavior
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24. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Extreme mood swings and aggressive, irritable behavior
Increasingly diagnosed in children and adolescents
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25. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Yes or no?
Bipolar disorder is being over-diagnosed in children.
Opinion question.
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26. Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Treatment
Antidepressant medications
Supportive emotional environment
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Research on the effectiveness of antidepressant medications with children is both limited and contradictory
It is important to provide a supportive emotional environment for children to learn more adaptive coping strategies and emotional expression
Studies have shown reduced symptoms with cognitive-behavioral therapy
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27. Studies have shown reduced symptoms with cognitive-behavioral therapy
Research on the effectiveness of antidepressant medications with children is both limited and contradictory
It is important to provide a supportive emotional environment for children to learn more adaptive coping strategies and emotional expression
Studies have shown reduced symptoms with cognitive-behavioral therapy
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28. Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics
Functional enuresis
Bedwetting that is not organically caused
Age
Gender
Children over 4 who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements may be diagnosed with functional encopresis
Both are far more common in boys than girls
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29. Both are far more common in boys than girls
Children over 4 who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements may be diagnosed with functional encopresis
Both are far more common in boys than girls
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30. Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics
Parasomnias
Sleepwalking
Incidence level: 10-30% of children will have at least one incidence of sleepwalking
Tics
Persistent, intermittent muscle twitches or spasms, usually limited to a localized muscle group
Incidence level: ages 2 & 14
Tourette’s disorder
Extreme tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal patterns
10-30% of children will have at least one incident of sleepwalking.
Persistent, intermittent muscle twitches or spasms, usually limited to a localized muscle group occurring most frequently between the ages of 2 and 14
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31. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Pervasive developmental disorders
Severely disabling conditions that are among most difficult to understand and treat
Autism Spectrum Disorder
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32. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide range of problematic behaviors
Social deficit
Absence of speech
Self-stimulation
Impaired intellectual ability
Preoccupation with maintaining sameness
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33. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cause
Precise causes unknown
Fundamental disturbance of central nervous system likely involved
Most investigators agree that a fundamental disturbance of the central nervous system is involved
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34. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Treatment
Behavior of autistic children not normalized through treatment
Newer instructional and behavior modification techniques may reduce some symptoms
Newer instructional and behavior modification techniques have been helpful in improving the ability of less severely-impaired autistic children to function
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35. Learning disabilities and intellectual disability
Occur in children
Can persist over life spans
Limit future development and psychological growth
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36. Learning Disorders Diagnosis of learning disorders
Clear impairment in school performance or daily living activities
Impairment not due to intellectual disability or pervasive developmental disorder
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37. Problems in word recognition and reading comprehension
Learning Disorders
Dyslexia
Problems in word recognition and reading comprehension
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38. Causal Factors in Learning Disorders
Causes
Possibly subtle central nervous system impairments
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39. Treatments and Outcomes
True or false?
Because we do not yet have a confident grasp of what is wrong with the average LD child, we have limited success in treating these children.
True
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40. Intellectual Disability
Characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience (APA 2013, p. 31).
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41. Intellectual Disability
Can you complete the following ranges?
Mild intellectual disability includes the IQ range from ________to approximately ________
Moderate intellectual disability includes the IQ range from ________ to ________
Severe intellectual disability includes the IQ range from ________ to ________
Profound intellectual disability includes the IQ range below ________
Mild intellectual disability includes the IQ range from to approximately 70
Moderate intellectual disability includes the IQ range from to 50-55
Severe intellectual disability includes the IQ range from to 35-40
Profound intellectual disability includes the IQ range below 20-25
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42. Causal Factors in Intellectual Disability
Genetic-chromosomal factors
Infections and toxic agents
Trauma
Ionizing radiation
Malnutrition and other biological factors
Some biological factors:
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43. Organic Retardation Syndromes
Intellectual disability stemming primarily from biological causes
Down Syndrome
Phenylketonuria
Cranial anomalies: macrocephaly. microcephaly, hydrocephaly
Cranial anomalies
Macrocephaly
Microcephaly
Hydrocephaly
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44. Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention
Treatment methods
Institutionalization
Education and inclusion programming (mainstreaming)
Treatment methods
Institutionalization (usually a last resort)
Education and inclusion programming
Mainstreaming involves attending regular classes for much of the day
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45. Planning Better Programs to Help Children and Adolescents
Wide range of treatment procedures
Wide range of outcomes
Attention to special factors
Currently, there is a very wide range of treatment procedures
Wide range of outcomes as well
Attention to special factors can enhance programs designed to help children and adolescents
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46. Currently, there is a very wide range of treatment procedures
Wide range of outcomes as well
Attention to special factors can enhance programs designed to help children and adolescents
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47. Special Factors Associated with Treatment of Children and Adolescents
Special factors associated with treatment for children and adolescents
Child’s inability to seek assistance
Vulnerabilities that place children at risk
Need for treating parents as well as children
Using parents as change agents
Problems with placement outside family
Intervening before problems become acute
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48. Child Advocacy Programs
International recognition of rights of children can potentially have great impact
Still confusion, inconsistency, and uncertainty (despite some gains)
International recognition of the rights of children can potentially have great impact
Despite some gains, a great deal of confusion, inconsistency, and uncertainty still persists in the child advocacy movement as a whole
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49. Can society deal with delinquent behavior?
Unresolved Issues
Can society deal with delinquent behavior?
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