1. BIOLOGICA L BASIS OF BEHAVIOR Myers for AP Kerri Dowd

2. Neural Communication – Neurons – Neurotransmitter Influences The Nervous System – Peripheral Nervous System – Central Nervous System The Endocrine system UNIT OVERVIE W: CHAPTE R 3A

3. KEY TERMS Nervous system, p. 59 – Central (CNS), p. 59 – Peripheral (PNS), p. 59 – Somatic, p. 59 – Autonomic, p. 59 – Sympathetic, p. 59 – Parasympathetic, p. 59 Nerves, p. 59 Reflex, p. 61 Endocrine system, p. 62 Hormones, p. 62 Adrenal glands, p. 63 Pituitary gland, p. 6 3 Biological psychology, p. 52 Neuron, p. 53 Sensory neurons, p. 53 Motor neurons, p. 53 Interneurons, p. 53 Dendrite, p. 53 Axon, p. 53 Myelin sheath, p. 53 Action potential, p. 53 Threshold, p. 54 Synapse, p. 55 Neurotransmitters, p. 55 Reuptake, p. 55 Endorphins, p. 57

4. 1972: Rosenzweig, Bennett and Diamond: Rat research showed that enriched environments contributed to more complex neuronal connections in the cortex. Showed impact of environmental factors (how nature and nurture interact) KEY STUDY

5. –Sensory neurons –Motor neurons –Interneurons –Sidenote: Humans have about 100 BILLION neurons! NEURON

6. Provide sup0port network of cells surrounding blood vessels and neurons Outnumber typical neurons about 10 to 1 Oligondenroglia – CNS cells that produce myelin Schwann Cells – same function as above except in PNS (Bonus – can help axons regenerate!) Astrocytes – star-shaped, form the matrix in which neural cells are embedded and absorb dead ones. NEUROG LIA

7. Neurons

14. Action Potential

19. How Neurons Communicate

24. REINFORCE MENT: VIDEOS! Do now: Quick Quiz (no peeking) 1.What happens to the neurotransmitters when they are released from the terminal of the axon? 2.What was all that business about positive and negative charges (action potential) Describe! http://science.education.nih.gov/su pplements/nih2/addiction/activities/ lesson2_neurotransmission.htm http://science.education.nih.gov/su pplements/nih2/addiction/activities/ lesson2_neurotransmission.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= aMzOKpF0zuQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= aMzOKpF0zuQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= udHw0I3MFw4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= udHw0I3MFw4

25. A TRIP TO THE BATHROO M & HUMAN NEURON PARTY Yup. We’re going. Come on! Then circle up!

26. How is flushing a toilet similar to the process of neurotransmission? – depolarization - toilet flushing – all-or-none principle – It flushes completely or not – direction of impulse - the toilet only flushes one way – refractory period - It won’t flush again for a certain period of time, even if you push the handle repeatedly – threshold - it won’t flush until you push the handle past a critical point (the level of excitatory neurotransmitters a neuron must absorb before it will fire ) – resting potential- in a tank toilet, the water represents resting potential--the overall negative charge inside the neuron waiting for depolarization – action potential - opening the flap in the tank and the water rushing out DO NOW!

27. HOW NEUROTRANSMITTERS INFLUENCE US Acetylcholine (AcH) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins

35. HOW NEUROTRANSMITTERS INFLUENCE US Agonists versus antagonists –Agonists –Antagonists

36. Agonists and Antagonists

40. http://www.methproject.org/ answers/what-does-meth-do- to-your-brain.html#The-Brain- on-Meth Discussion: Knowing what you know about agonists and antagonists, can you think of a flaw in the Rat Park study?

41. Flashback: What are the four components of ethical experiments? What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory? DO NOW

42. Review specific definitions on pages 59-62 Watch this video: http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA&list=SP3E ED4C1D684D3ADF&index=26 http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA&list=SP3E ED4C1D684D3ADF&index=26 FUNCTIONA L ORGANIZATI ON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

43. THE NERVOU S SYSTEM

44. FIGHT OR FLIGHT & RETURN TO NORMAL

45. THE ENDOCRI NE SYSTEM: THE BODY’S “SLOW” MESSENG ER SYSTEM

46. Key People: Paul Broca Phineas Gage Michael Gazzaniga Roger Sperry Karl Wernicke CHAPTE R 3B: OVERVIE W

47. KEY TERMS Miscellaneous terms Lesion, p. 67 Aphasia, p. Plasticity, p. 82 Neurogenesis, p. 83 Split brain, p. 84 consciousness, p. 89 cognitive neuroscience, p. 89 dual processing, p. 90 Tools for looking at brains: Electroencephalogram (EEG), p. 67 CT (computed tomography) scan, p. 68 PET (positron emission tomography) scan, p. 68 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), p. 68 fMRI (functional MRI), p. 68

48. PARTS OF THE BRAIN Frontal lobes, p. 74 Parietal lobes, p. 74 Occipital lobes, p. 74 Temporal lobes, p. 74 Motor cortex, p. 75 Sensory cortex, p. 77 Association areas, p. 78 Broca’s area, p. 80 Wernicke’s area, p. 80 Corpus callosum, p. 84 Brainstem, p. 69 Medulla, p. 69 Reticular formation, p. 70 Thalamus, p. 70 Cerebellum, p. 70 Limbic system, p. 71 Amygdala, p. 71 Hypothalamus, p. 72 Cerebral cortex, p. 74 Glial cells (glia), p. 74

49. Electroencephalogram (EEG): Electrodes on scalp measure waves of electricity across the brain’s surface CT (computed tomography) scan: A computerized composite of a series of x- rays from different angles PET (positron emission tomography) scan: A visual image of where radioactive glucose travels in the brain during a task MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create images of soft tissue fMRI (functional MRI): Repeated MRIs during activity (during functioning) TOOLS FOR LOOKING IN YOUR HEAD

50. Brain Model Assignment Be ready to present on Wednesday Remember to highlight your group’s chosen parts in your model You may print out or incorporate your APA sources into your PowerPoint, Prezi or whatever you did (not required) Wow us with your mnemonic devices

51. WHICH IS WHICH?

52. Quick review: What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland? DO NOW

53. BRAIN PLASTICI TY Insert videos: Brain plasticity (Jodie Miller) Split-brain research from file (Joe) Phineas Gage

54. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= NgOzYYwA1DI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= NgOzYYwA1DI Wrinkles on the brain are made by fissures and folds called gyri (grooves) and sulci (humps) (singular gyrus and sulcus). Linked to intelligence Sylvian fissure: Deepest and most prominent coritcal fissure – separates the temporal and frontal lobes in both hemispheres Pineal gland: produces melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms JUST FOR FUN (AND REVIEW)

55. What did researchers (Bouchard, Plomin, et. al) discover about adoptive families in terms of Impact on children’s personality? Impact on children’s values? Rate of abuse and divorce? DO NOW

56. Key People: Thomas Bouchard David Buss Francis Collins Charles Darwin Alice Eagly David Lykken Robert Plomin Wendy Wood 3C – GENETICS, EVOLUTIO NARY PSYCHOLO GY, AND BEHAVIOR

57. Behavior genetics, p. 95 Environment, p. 95 Chromosomes, p. 95 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), p. 95 Genes, p. 95 Genome, p. 96 Identical twins, p. 96 Fraternal twins, p. 97 Heritability, p. 100 Interaction, p. 101 Molecular genetics, p. 102 Evolutionary psychology, p. 103 Natural selection, p. 103 Mutation, p. 104 KEY TERMS

58. 46 chromosomes (23 +23) Made of DNA Genes are small segments of DNA You have about 30,000 genes Some are expressed, some are inactive Environment can turn them “on” Turned on = creating protein molecules (building blocks) Genome = all the coded instructions for making an organism SUMMAR Y STUFF

59. TWINS : Identical: – Same gender – Same genes but different number of copies – Usually same placenta – Also called monozygotic Fraternal: – Can be mixed genders – No more similar than other siblings

60. Heritability: “the variation among individuals that we can attribute to their varying genes.” So important to understand that the book said it twice. P. 100. So… let’s repeat again “We can never say what percentage of an individual’s personality or intelligence [or other trait] is inherited…. Heritability refers instead to the extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes.” OTHER KEY CONCEP TS IN THE CHAPTE R

61. Some genes express no matter what Some genes react to the environment Those genes are self- regulating Molecular genetics: Discussion – how far is too far? GENE STUFF

62. –Natural selectionNatural selection Mutation Adaptation Fitness EVOLUTIO NARY PSYCHOL OGY

63. Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities –Behaviors that contribute to survival are found throughout cultures Outdated Tendencies –Genetic traits which helped our ancestors survive may harm us today Similarity across cultures –No more than 5 percent of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences.

64. Three main concerns: 1.EPs start with an effect and work backwards to explain 2.EP theory gives too little emphasis to social influences 3.The EP viewpoint absolves people from taking personal responsibility for their actions CRITIQU ES OF EVOLUTI ONARY PSYCHO LOGY

65. AHHH…. BALANC E: That’s YOU!!! ! We are Biopsychosocial