1. Neuroscience and Behavior 1 The Biology of the Mind

3.  How do they transmit information? 3 What are neurons?

4.  Nerve cells ◦ Basic building blocks of the body’s information processing system.  Made up of ◦ Dendrites ◦ Axons 4 Neurons

5.  Receive information 5 Dendrites

6.  Transmit information to other ◦ Neurons ◦ Muscles ◦ Glands 6 Axon fibers

7. 7

8.  Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) bridge the gap  Rats in an enriched environment will increase their synapses. 8 Synapse (Synaptic gap)

9.  Enable communicatio n between neurons 9 Neurotransmitters

10.  Neurotransmitters (similar to morphine)  Reduces pain ◦ E.g. Childbirth 10 Endorphins

11.  What do these parts do? 11 What are the parts of your nervous system?

12.  Central nervous system ◦ Brain and spinal column  Peripheral nervous system ◦ Links central nervous system (spinal cord) to sense receptors, muscles and glands 12 Nervous system

13.  Brain and spinal column  Severed spinal cord E.g.  E.g. -Sally - knee jerk reaction without sensation of a tap on the knee ◦ Bill - No genital sensations, but has an erection when stimulated. 13 Central Nervous system

14.  Sympathetic nervous system (Arousing) ◦ Increases heartbeat & blood pressure  Parasympathetic nervous system (Calming) 14 Peripheral Nervous System

15.  Simple reflex pathway ◦ Knee-jerk reaction 15 Reflex

16. Brain evolution  Brain stem  Limbic system  Cerebral cortex

17. Brain stem Brainstem the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions.

18. Brain Stem Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

19. Limbic system  Between the brain stem and the Cerebral cortex  Includes:  Hippocampus ◦ Memory  Amygdala ◦ Emotion  Aggression & Fear  Hypothalamus ◦ Hunger, thirst, temperature, & sex

20. Amygdala Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and anger.

21. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking body temperature, and emotions. Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

22. Internal brain Overview

23. Cerebellum  Coordinates movements

24. Cerebral cortex

25.  Left = Logical (Math)  Right = Creative (Music)

26. Sensory & Motor cortex

27. Visual & auditory cortex

28. Reading out loud

29. Hearing, Seeing,Speaking

30. Cerebral cortex comparison  Best distinguishes us from other animals

31. Association areas of cortex

32. Corpus Callosum  Transmits information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

33. Brain Plasticity  Brain adjusts after damage ◦ Blind learning to read brail

34. Phineas gage  Damage to frontal lobe

35.  Creating images of the brain’s activity 35 Recording the brain’s activity

36. Electroencephalogram (EEG)  Brain waves - Recording electrical activity

37. ◦ CT scan ◦ MRI scan ◦ PET scan 37 Brain imaging techniques (creating images)

38.  Computed tomography  X-ray photographs 38 CT Scan

39.  Magnetic fields and radio waves create images of the brain’s soft tissues.  Normal Schizophrenic 39 MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

40. fMRI Scan (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

41.  Positron emission tomography scan  Radioactive glucose 41 PET Scan