1. chapter 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior

2. chapter 2 Neurons: The Messengers Neurons vary in size and shape All are specialized to receive and transmit information

3. chapter 2 Myelinated neuron (Fig. 2-1)

4. chapter 2 Three Types of Neurons Sensory (afferent) neurons: Carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain Motor (efferent) neurons: Carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to the muscles and glands Interneurons (association neurons): Carry messages from one neuron to another

5. chapter 2 Glial Cells The nervous system also contains glial cells, or glia, which: Hold neurons in place, provide nourishment, and remove waste Prevent harmful substances from passing from the bloodstream into the brain Form the myelin sheath

6. chapter 2 The Neural Impulse (Fig. 2-2)

7. chapter 2 The Synapse

8. chapter 2 Major Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Endorphins

9. chapter 2 Neural Plasticity The brain has the ability to be changed by experience. Rosenzweig (1984)

10. chapter 2 The Central Nervous System The nervous system has two parts: The central nervous system (CNS) the brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system (PNS) linking all of the body's parts to the CNS

11. chapter 2 The Brain

12. chapter 2 Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

13. chapter 2 The Limbic System The structures listed below are often considered to constitute the limbic system. This system is involved in olfaction, emotions, learning, and memory. The limbic system was introduced as a concept by Paul MacLean in 1952 and was long considered the seat of the emotions. Though some of the structures included in this system are in fact involved in some emotional responses, we now know that it does not correspond exactly to any of the multiple emotional systems in the brain.

14. chapter 2 Hemispheric Specialization Cerebrum has two separate cerebral hemispheres Connected by the corpus callosum Split-brain research

15. chapter 2 Two Cerebral Hemispheres

16. chapter 2 Processing of speech and language Language

17. chapter 2 Tools for Studying the Brain Microelectrode techniques Macroelectrode techniques Structural imaging Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CT) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional imaging Electroencephalograph (EEG) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Magnetic Source Imaging (MSI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning

18. chapter 2 The Spinal Cord

19. chapter 2 Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains two types of neurons: afferent neurons efferent neurons The PNS is divided into two subsystems Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

20. chapter 2 Autonomic Nervous System

21. chapter 2 The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands: Tissues that produce and release hormones Hormones: Chemical substances released by glands that help regulate bodily activities

22. chapter 2 Endocrine Glands Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroids Pancreas Adrenal glands Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Gonads

23. chapter 2 Genes, Evolution, and Behavior Behavioral Genetics What is the relationship between heredity and behavior? Evolutionary Psychology What are the origins of behavior, and what adaptive value do they provide?

24. chapter 2 Genetics Genes Chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

25. chapter 2 Patterns of Inheritance Dominant genes, recessive genes Polygenic inheritance Genotypes and phenotypes

26. chapter 2 Behavior Genetics A variety of methods are used to study the contribution of genes Animal behavior genetics Strain studies Selection studies Human behavior genetics Family studies Twin studies Adoption studies

27. chapter 2 Average Risk of Schizophrenia Among Biological Relatives of People with Schizophrenia Average risk of schizophrenia among biological relatives (Fig. 2-19)

28. chapter 2 Social Implications New challenges have arisen as a result of our better understanding of genes. Modern prenatal screening Over-simplified reporting of genetic technologies in mass media

29. chapter 2 Evolutionary Psychology Examining adaptive value of behaviors from an evolutionary perspective Common applications Language Mate selection Criticisms