1. Revolutions in Russia & Totalitarian Russia Chapter 30 Sections 1 & 2

2. I the Revolution Alexander III rules in autocracy – gov’t in which he holds complete control Strict censorship codes to get rid of revolutionaries Secret pol. Opened letters/monitored schools Oppressed minority groups to create uniform Russian culture Jews were target  pogroms = organized violence against Jews Alexander III dies  Nicholas II takes over

3. Nicholas continues autocracy but Russia industrial power grows Trans-Siberian Railway = worlds longest continuous rail line Growing industry was hardest on Russians working class  discontent Work conditions & income gap Russian Marxists – overthrow czar by industrial working class w/ workers ruling Split into 2 groups  Bolsheviks wanted smaller # of revolutionaries committed to sacrifice everything for radical change Bolshevik leader = Vladamir Lenin

4. Shortages of bread and fuel  a general uprising = March Revolution Czar Nicholas II steps down Estab. Provisional gov’t  Soviets set up Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, & soldiers Germans send the exiled Lenin to Russia to hurt their war effort  Bolshevik Revolution Redistributed farmland to peasants & workers control factory Treaty of Brest-Litovsk leads to anger in Russia and discontent w/ Bolshevik gov’t

5. Russians faced losses to Germany & an enemy at home = White Army  Civil War Massive loss of life, hunger, & flu epidemic  Russian in chaos Red Army (Bolsheviks) win & Lenin launches New Economic Policy (NEP) in order to restore order Small scale capitalism – peasants can sell surplus crops instead of having to turn it over to gov’t BUT still kept control over major industries Various nationalities in Russia was threat to communist goal of unity  org. of Russia into several self-governing republics under the central gov’t USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

6. New capital is Moscow Rename their political party to the Communist Party Came from Karl Marx’s belief that “communism” would be the classless society after the workers took control Estab. Communist dictatorship After his death he left vacuum for power and struggle for control of the party

7. II Stalin Takes Power Joseph Stalin (man of steel in Russian) took command of communist party While Lenin promoted worldwide communist rev. Stalin focused on Russian dev. Stalin would transform the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state Gov’t that takes total control over every aspect of public and private life Stalin’s econ policy called for a command econ to replace NEP (Lenin) Gov’t makes all economic decisions

8. III Stalin’s 5 Year Plan A. Industrial Revolution Set impossibly high production goals for industry Bonuses to those who achieved goals and punishment for those who did not Gov’t limited production of consumer goods to reach quotas  suffering of ppl Made life difficult for ppl but increased economy of country

9. B. An Agricultural Revolution Agricultural rev as successful as industrial rev. but more brutal Gov’t seized private farms and combined them into collective farms Farms owned and operated by peasants to produce food for the state Some people resisted collectivization by killing animals and ruining farm equipment Strongest resistance among the Kulaks- wealthy farming class Thousands of Kulaks and other peasants were executed or sent to work camps Brutal but doubled wheat production

10. C. The Great Purge All opposition was eliminated by fear & terror Critics were sent to the Gulag- system of brutal labor camps where many died Paranoid that rival parties were plotting against him  The Great Purge Campaign of terror against any opposition “show trials” communist leaders confessed after tortured & fams threatened 8 – 13 mil. deaths

11. Totalitarian states depend on indoctrination in order to get ppl to buy into the gov’t Used propaganda – biased information used to sway ppl to accept certain beliefs Socialist realism = artistic style whose sole goal was to show Soviet life in positive way Attacked religion Indoctrinated school children