1. World War I: The Great War Chapter 11

2. §Focus: What is the United States’ role in world affairs at the conclusion of the SPAM war?

3. Causes of WWI 1.Nationalism – belief that national interests should be ahead of global consideration. Foreign affairs should be guided by self interest.

4. 2. Imperialism l Germans competed with France and Britain for colonies l Colonies added prestige l Small conflicts arose

5. 3. Militarism –development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy l Competition with other countries

6. 4. Alliance System –treaties of assistance. A commitment to support one another

8. Alliances §Triple Entente l Allies (France, Great Britain, and Russia, later Italy & US.) §Triple Alliance l Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)

9. Assassination Leads to War §Archduke Franz Ferdinand l Heir to Austrian throne was visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia with wife Sophie. l Bosnia was annexed by Austria-Hungary

10. Funeral of Archduke

11. §Gavrio Princip l Shot the Archduke l Member of the “Black Hand” –Group who wanted to unite Serbs under one government

12. War Begins §Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia §Russia supports Serbia §Germany supports Austria- Hungary l Declare war on Russia, France

13. §Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary

14. Discussion Questions §1. How did the formation of Alliances contribute to the beginning of World War I? §2. What was Archduke Ferdinand’s role in World War I?

15. §Focus: Who were the “Black Hand” and what did they want?

16. Fighting Begins §Germany invades Belgium on August 4th, 1914 l Used the Schlieffen Plan (wait on Russia, go west first)

18. §Great Britain and France go to protect. Retreate to the Marne River to stop Germans

19. Trench Warfare l Battles were fought inside trenches for yard gain. l Land in-between trenches known as “no man’s land”

20. Allied Kitchen

21. §Food was mostly canned beef, bread and biscuits. §Local Vegetables §Soup and Tea

22. Trench Periscope

29. Eastern Front §Russia vs. Germany §Austria-Hungary vs. Italy §In Africa: Germany vs. Britain

30. American Neutrality §Pacifism – Most Americans didn’t feel the need to get involved. No threat to American lives or property.

31. §Most sympathized with the Allies, especially after Germany’s aggression in Belgium. Common Ancestory, language and literature

32. British Blockade §Coast of Germany, neutral ports, mined the North Sea. §Blocked weapons and food (750,000 starved)

33. §Germans responded with U- boats (submarines) l sink any British ship

34. “Lusitania” §May 7, 1915 l British ship “Lusitania” was sunk l 128 Americans aboard l Germans said it had weapons Americans avoided the sea

35. Neutrality §President Wilson still remained neutral l despite numerous sinkings §Wilson wins the election of 1916. “He kept us out of war”

36. Zimmerman Note §Telegram sent by German foreign minister to Mexico §Intercepted by British §Said that Germany would help Mexico in a fight against the U.S.

37. §Germany continues to sink American Ships (4 unarmed merchant ships, loss of 36 lives)

38. U.S. Enters War “Over There” §War Resolution Passed in April, 1917 §Reasons l 1. Ensure Allied repayment l 2. Prevent Germans from threatening shipping

39. Lack of Manpower §Only about 200,000 men were in service. Many outdated weapons. §Draft - (conscription) l Requires men to register for service

41. Who do you think should be eligible for the draft? A.Males 18-45 B.Males and Females 18-45 C.Males 18-35 D.Males and Females 18-35 E.Males and Females 18-25 F.Males 18-25

43. Who should be excused? A.Farmers who are needed on the farm. B.Defense plant workers C.Highly skilled defense plant workers D.Single people who are the sole support of their family E.People who are married F.People who are married and have young kids G.Married people who are the sole support of the family H.Doctors and Dentists I.Doctors and Dentists who are the only ones in comm. J.Business owners

45. Who should be excused? A.Skilled workers who can’t be replaced. B.College Students C.Students studying to be scientists D.Scientists E.Teachers

46. Arnold Whipple A.Yes B.No

48. John Donnell A.Yes B.No

49. Sam Snell A.Yes B.No

50. Fred Freiburg A.Yes B.No

51. Ray Richardson A.Yes B.No

52. Charles Jenkins A.Yes B.No

53. Frank Columbo A.Yes B.No

54. Amos Sadbury A.Yes B.No

55. Charles Duryea A.Yes B.No

56. Fred Schmidt A.Yes B.No

57. Selective Service Act §To call men to serve (18-45) §About 3 million were called (most 21-23) §2 million reached Europe §13,000 women (non-combat)

58. §African Americans segregated l 369 th Infantry saw more continuous duty on the front lines than any other American Regiment.

59. Convoy System §U.S. needed to ship supplies §Protect merchant ships from U- boats with Navy

60. John J. Pershing §Commander of American Expeditionary Force l Nicknamed “Doughboys” – white belts cleaned with clay or “dough” l Supposed to be replacements for Allies

61. Tide Turns §June 1918 - Americans fight against Germans at Chateau- Thierry and Belleau Wood. §July – Helped win the Second Battle of the Marne. §Sept- Saint-Mihiel and Argonne Forest.

62. §With the help of the Americans, the Allies began to win against Germany §48,000 U.S. die in battle §62,000 U.S. die of disease

63. Alvin York §First a “conscientious objector” l opposed the war for religious reasons §Became a hero §Killed 25 Germans, helped capture 132

64. Discussion Questions §1. Why did the United States elect to remain neutral at the beginning of the war? §2. What were the reasons that the U.S. eventually became involved?

65. §Focus: What was the convoy system and why was it needed?

66. Weapons §Mechanized warfare – warfare that relies on machines powered by gas and diesel engines. (tanks and airplanes)

67. §Cannons (Germany – Big Bertha) l Could shoot 75 miles l Zeppelin - gas filled airship (blimp) Dropped bombs

69. British Artillery

70. Calamity Jane

72. More Weapons §Machine Gun §Poison Gas (Chlorine, Mustard Gas) l Mustard Gas – Most lethal of all gases. Almost Odorless, 12 hours to take effect. Once in the soil, remains active for several weeks

73. §Tank §Airplane (with machine guns) §Observation Balloons

74. Canadians

75. U.S. Caterpillar Tank

76. Poison Gas Drill

77. Gas Masks

78. Victim of Poison Gas

81. Grenade Crossbow

82. French Flame Throwers

83. Periscope Rifle

84. Setting Barbed Wire

85. Floating Mine

86. Floating Mine Exploding

87. German Battleship

88. German U14

89. Medical Problems §Trench Foot l Due to standing in wet trenches without changing socks §Trench Mouth l Infection of gums and mouth

91. Cease Fire (Armistice) §November 11, 1918 l Germany agrees to a cease fire after some German soldiers refused to go on. The mutiny spread. They were physically and economically exhausted.

93. §26,000,000 people dead §Direct economic costs estimated at $350 billion.

94. Discussion Questions §1. What were the differences in techniques and weapons between the SPAM war and WWI? §2. What were some of the problems associated with life in the trenches?

95. §Focus: What were two of the most influential weapons of World War I. Why did you pick them?

96. The War at Home §Economy l Many women joined the work force l African Americans moved to get more money

97. l Increase in productivity l Industry wages went up

98. War Industries Board §Encouraged companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Price controls at the wholesale level resulted in retail prices soaring to almost double.

99. Paying for the War §Spent 33 billion on the War l raised taxes l Sold War Bonds

100. Advertisements (Propaganda) l change public opinion using language, name calling etc. §Promoting support of War effort l save food,buy war bonds and support the draft.

101. l Four minute men would deliver speeches to encourage support for the war.

104. Discrimination in U.S. §Against immigrants from Germany and Austria-Hungary l People lost jobs l Would not play Mozart l Stopped teaching German l Changed names of food

105. Espionage and Sedition Acts §A person could be fined up to 10,000 dollars and/or 20 years in jail for going against the war effort. (draft, disloyal) l Around 6,000 arrests were made. 1,500 convictions

106. Social Changes §Most African Americans backed the war along with WEB DuBois §Great Migration l large scale movement of thousands of Southern Blacks to the North.

107. Reasons for Migration §1. Escape discrimination §2. Find jobs §3. Find Prosperity

108. Women §Have men’s jobs l cab/truck driver, bricklayers etc. l many volunteered with the Red Cross

109. Flu Epidemic §1918 l One fourth of the population was effected l Came from France l 500,000 died

110. Wilson Wants Peace §Fourteen Points l plan for peace l called for League of Nations place to settle arguments

111. Meeting with the “Big Four” §U.S., France, Britain, Italy (who wanted land in Austria- Hungary) l The group rejected all the Fourteen Points except the League of Nations

112. Treaty of Versailles §1. End War §2. Establish New Nations (Poland, Czech., Yugo.) §3. Demilitarize Germany

113. §4. Germany must return land to France and pay money to them (reparations) §5. Forced Germany to admit guilt (war-guilt clause)

114. Problems with Treaty §1. Humiliated Germany §2. Russia was not invited (also lost territory) §3. Germany stripped of colonies

115. Wilson goes Home §Congress will not agree to join the League of Nations (do not want to be involved) §Wilson becomes ill

116. The War is Over!! §Germany seeks answers and revenge l Economic problems lead to the rise of Nazism

117. §Russia is mad about being left out of the BIG FOUR meeting §This will lead to WWII

118. Discussion Questions §1. How did Americans on the home front support the war? §2. How did the end of WWI contribute to the beginning of WWII?