1. Taxonomy
Grouping Organisms

2. What is Taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
A group of organisms is called a taxon (plural, taxa).
The tool biologists use to accomplish this is classification.
Taxonomy can change

3. Biological Classification Systems
Aristotle ( B.C.)
Classified all organisms into two groups: plants and animals.
Using physical differences he further classified them into smaller groups.

4. Why is standardization important?
Makes it easier to identify.
Makes it easier to understand biological diversity.
Worldwide recognition.
Useful for scientists working in agriculture, forestry, and medicine.
Beneficial for the economy.

5. Breaking It Down
Taxonomic ranking ranges from very broad characteristics to very specific ones.
Taxa from largest to smallest:
Domain,AND THEN: *Order
* Kingdom, *Family
*Phylum (similar classes), *Genus
*Class (similar orders), *Species
(Remember: King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup)

6. From Domain to Species Domain – Eukarya (broadest category).
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata (spinal cord).
Class – Mammalia (mammal).
Order – Carnivora
Family – Felidae
Genus – Lynx
Species – Lynx rufus (Bobcat),
Lynx canadensis (Lynx).

7. Six Biological Kingdoms

8. Kingdoms
The six kingdoms are determined by similarities such as: structure, behavior, DNA, location .
From the most simplistic organisms to the most complex, the six kingdoms are:
Eubacteria (prokaryotes),
Archaebacteria (prokaryotes),
Protists (eukaryote),
Fungi,
Plants,
Animals.

9. Phylogeny
Phylogenic classification uses evolutionary history to classify organisms.
Species that share a common ancestor also share an evolutionary history.
Reveals evolutionary relationships.
Cladistics is a biological classification system that is based on phylogeny.
A cladogram is a model showing evolutionary history.

10. Cladogram

11. Dichotomous Key
A tool that helps to classify organisms by narrowing down choices eventually leading to the correct answer.

12. Six Divisions of Life

13. Viruses Non-living Parasitic
Simple structure – Protein coat, capsid, genetic material, & tails.
Replication Cycles: Lytic & Lysogenic Cycle
Viruses that affect humans – HIV (destroys T- cell helpers), Herpes, Flu,Chicken Pox, & Shingles.

14. Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Biochemical differences
Structural differences
Arose from a common ancestor several billion years ago.

15. Similarities & Differences
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Anaerobic
Extremists
3 Types:
Live in marshes, lake sediments, & digestive tract of mammals – produce methane.
Live in extremely salty water like the Great Salt Lake in Utah.
Hot, acidic water of sulfur springs & hydrothermal vents.
Only asexual reproduction.
Heterotrophs
Live almost everywhere
Autotrophs – Chemosynthetic & Photosynthetic (Cyanobacteria).
Asexual reproduction – binary fission.
Sexual reproduction – conjugation.
Adaptations
Adaptations – diverse types of respiration – obligate anaerobes & obligate aerobes.
Survival mechanisms – Endospores contains bacterium’s DNA to protect it from drying out, temperature extremes, & harsh chemicals. Germinates when environmental conditions improve.
Importance of bacteria – bacteria help fertilize fields (nitrogen fixation), recycle nutrients (decomposers), produce foods (cheese & yogurt), & medicines (bacteria such as streptomycin, erythromycin, & bacitracin destroy other types of bacteria).

16. Bacteria Beneficial Harmful
Help to fertilize fields – nitrogen fixation.
Recycle nutrients on Earth - decomposers .
Produce foods – cheese & yogurt.
Aids in digestion – providing vitamins & enzymes.
Produce antibiotics that destroy other types of bacteria.
Bacteria cause disease in plants & animals.
Can enter through openings in the skin, mouth, or nose.
Can be carried in food, water, or air.
Can interfere with normal bodily functions.
Releases toxins that attack the host.
Turn to page 498. Superbugs Defy Drugs.
Helpful bacteria convert nitrogen to Ammonia in a process called nitrogen fixation. Other bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites & nitrates, which plants use to exist. Bacteria are the only organisms that can perform these chemical changes. (Legumes).
Decomposing bacteria break down the organic materials in dead organisms and wastes, returning nutrients to the environment. (Nitrogen cycle)
Some of our favorite foods would not exist without bacteria – cheese, yogurt, & pickles. Probiotic (beneficial) bacteria in yogurt help us to digest food. Bacteria inhabit our intestines producing vitamins & enzymes that help to digest food.
Some bacteria produce important antibiotics that destroy other types of bacteria. Streptomycin, erythromycin, bacitracin, & neomycin). How do we know which antibiotic to use?
Bacterial infections - Tuberculosis, Strep, diptheria, & pneumonia.

17. Protists The most diverse organisms of all kingdoms.
Unicellular or multicellular.
Are all Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic or autotrophic
Reproduce sexually, asexually, or through spores depending on the type.
Cause diseases – malaria & sleeping sickness.
Protozoans are unicellular.

18. Heterotrophic Protists
Animal-like (heterotrophic) protists are called protozoans.
Grouped according to the way they move or grouped together because they are parasites.
Four main groups: Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, & Sporazoans.
Amoebas – live in water, some are an important part of marine plankton.
Flagellates – Parasites that cause disease (sleeping sickness). Beneficial to termites.
Ciliates – paramecium, reproduces by conjugation.
Sporazoans – Produce by spores, all are parasites, inernal parasite, lives off of host in areas that has a nearby food supply. Ex –malaria.
Spore is a reproductive cell that forms without fertilization & produces a new organism.

19. Autotrophic Protists
Plantlike (autotrophs) Ex. – algae. Diatoms – phytoplankton. Lack roots, stems, or leaves.
Autotrophs produce much of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere.
Some are similar to fungi (slime molds, water molds, & downy mildews). Decompose a significant amount of organic material.
Algae are classified into six phyla: euglenoids, diatoms, & dinoflagellates are single cellular. Red, brown, & green are multicellular.
Euglenoids are autotrophs & heterotrophs.
Diatoms are autotrophs & make up a large part of the phytoplankton population in both marine & freshwater ecosystems. Oils they contain make them bouyant & give fish their oily taste. Their decomposing shells are dredged or mined, processed & used as abrasives in tooth or metal polishes, or added to hwy. paint.
Dinoflagellates are a major component of phytoplankton, some are bioluminescent, some produce toxins & cause fish kills. In the summer they can become so m=numerous that the ocean takes on a reddish color – red tide.
Red – deep water seaweed.
Brown – live near the surface – kelp forests.
Green – most live in fresh water, tree trunks in tropical rain forest. Produce sexually & asexually (fragmentation).

20. Fungi Grow best in moist, warm environments. Most are multicellular.
Basic structural unit is hyphae.
Cell walls made of chitin.
Some cause diseases & are poisonous.
Are decomposers.
Heterotrophs – Extracellular digestion.
Reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores; sexually when haploid hyphae from compatible mycelia grow together.
Extracellular digestion – food is digested outside a fungus’s cells, and the digested products are then absorbed. Hyphae grow into the food sources, release digestive enzymes that break down the large molecules into smaller molecules. The smaller molecules diffuse & move into the hyphae to the fungus.

21. Plants Multicellular eukaryote. Thick cell walls made of cellulose.
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis - Needs water, sunlight, & carbon dioxide.
Has stems, leaves, & roots.
Sexual reproduction through seeds or spores.
Vascular (most plants. Grasses, & trees) & nonvascular hornworts & liverworts).

22. Animals Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms.
Cells have cell membranes, instead of cell walls.
Heterotrophic
Sexual reproduction
Specialized cells that form tissues & organs.
Specialized cells that enable them to sense & seek out food & mates, & allow them to identify & protect themselves from predators.
Symmetry