1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 0 Ableism: Disability Does Not Mean Inability Section 3 Chapter 12 Understanding Human Differences Multicultural Education for a Diverse America 3rd Edition By Kent L. Koppelman This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a networkAny public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any imagesPreparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images Any rental, lease, or lending of the programAny rental, lease, or lending of the program

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 1

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 2 Ableism Refers to the determination of an individual’s abilities based on his or her disabilities; any policy or practice promoting the belief that uses disability to justify discrimination against people with disabilities. (Linton, 1998)

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 3 Why should people with disabilities be considered a MINORITY GROUP To be a person with disability means the disability influences one’s sense of identity and impacts on daily lifeTo be a person with disability means the disability influences one’s sense of identity and impacts on daily life Able-bodied people often have negative reactions to a person’s disabilityAble-bodied people often have negative reactions to a person’s disability results in personal rejection and discrimination similar to the experience of members of other minority groups results in personal rejection and discrimination similar to the experience of members of other minority groups

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 4 Cultural Ableism Refers to a society’s portrayal of people with disabilities as DEVIANT and promoting negative beliefs and images that present people with disabilities as INFERIOR

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 5 What are the HISTORICAL PERCEPTIONS of people with disabilities Subhuman Organism:Subhuman Organism: not having the same level of intelligence, emotions, etc. not having the same level of intelligence, emotions, etc. Diseased Organism :Diseased Organism : disability is a defect needing to be cured disability is a defect needing to be cured Object of Dread :Object of Dread : viewed as defective, perhaps a punishment from God viewed as defective, perhaps a punishment from God

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 6 Object of Pity :Object of Pity : viewed as helpless, dependent, incapable viewed as helpless, dependent, incapable Object of Ridicule :Object of Ridicule : subjected to name calling (retard) and humor (moron jokes) subjected to name calling (retard) and humor (moron jokes) Holy Innocent/Eternal Child :Holy Innocent/Eternal Child : can never become a capable adult can never become a capable adult Menace to Society :Menace to Society : perceived as violent, portrayed as villains (Captain Hook) perceived as violent, portrayed as villains (Captain Hook)

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 7 What is a disability culture When people with a common disability share: A historical knowledge A historical knowledge A common language A common language A cultural identity with norms for behavior A cultural identity with norms for behavior A network of social organizations A network of social organizations Example: Deaf Culture

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 8 Individual Ableism Refers to negative attitudes and behaviors based on the assumption that someone’s disability results in their level of ability being DEVIANT from the NORM

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 9 How are negative attitudes reflected in the way people with disabilities are described Negative words and phrases create negative attitudes: CrippledHandicappedImpaired Afflicted with… A victim of… Confined to a wheelchair

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 10 What negative ASSUMPTIONS are made about people with disabilities A disability is a biological problem that must be fixed, not a societal problemA disability is a biological problem that must be fixed, not a societal problem Problems encountered by a person with a disability are a consequence of the disabilityProblems encountered by a person with a disability are a consequence of the disability People who are “victims” of a disability will never have productive livesPeople who are “victims” of a disability will never have productive lives

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 11 Being disabled is the most significant factor in how people with disabilities view themselves and how they compare themselves with othersBeing disabled is the most significant factor in how people with disabilities view themselves and how they compare themselves with others Every person with a disability will require assistanceEvery person with a disability will require assistance More negative ASSUMPTIONS

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 12 How have legitimate LABELS been misused Mentally retarded people diagnosed as severe or profound were viewed as incapable of independent living and were institutionalizedMentally retarded people diagnosed as severe or profound were viewed as incapable of independent living and were institutionalized Experts assumed that up to 75% of people with cerebral palsy were retarded (new tools and testing strategies refute this)Experts assumed that up to 75% of people with cerebral palsy were retarded (new tools and testing strategies refute this)

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 13 What are current controversies about labeling children Children of color are over represented in special needs population (blacks are 3 times more likely to be labeled than whites)Children of color are over represented in special needs population (blacks are 3 times more likely to be labeled than whites) Children of color in special education have more restrictive placementsChildren of color in special education have more restrictive placements

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 14 How can negative attitudes be changed Eliminate negative words like “crippled” and “handicapped” and replace with what is called “PEOPLE FIRST” language: People with epilepsy People with cerebral palsy People with disabilities

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 15 Institutional Ableism Refers to established laws, customs, and practices that SYSTEMATICALLY DISCRIMINATE against people with disabilities

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 16 Why were people with disabilities placed in INSTITUTIONS In medieval Europe, children with disabilities were placed in monasteriesIn medieval Europe, children with disabilities were placed in monasteries Some communities confined “deviants” in available buildings (e.g., leprosaria)Some communities confined “deviants” in available buildings (e.g., leprosaria) These buildings became mental asylums or “lunatic hospitals”These buildings became mental asylums or “lunatic hospitals” This practice continued in the U.S. because people with physical, psychological or developmental problems were not wanted out in the communityThis practice continued in the U.S. because people with physical, psychological or developmental problems were not wanted out in the community

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 17 How were INSTITUTIONS for people with disabilities established in the U.S. After the Civil War, communities looked to institutions to address various problemsAfter the Civil War, communities looked to institutions to address various problems People with disabilities were institutionalized in hospitalsPeople with disabilities were institutionalized in hospitals Administered by individuals with a medical degree Administered by individuals with a medical degree Supposed to rehabilitate clients but merely took care of them Supposed to rehabilitate clients but merely took care of them

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 18 What evidence exists that negative attitudes prevailed in INSTITUTIONS and in SOCIETY The EUGENICS movement singled out people with mental or physical disabilities for institutionalization The EUGENICS movement singled out people with mental or physical disabilities for institutionalization Many of these institutions were exposed for providing inadequate care for basic human needs Many of these institutions were exposed for providing inadequate care for basic human needs 30 states enacted laws permitting the involuntary STERILIZATION of people labeled “feeble minded” or “mental defectives”30 states enacted laws permitting the involuntary STERILIZATION of people labeled “feeble minded” or “mental defectives”

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 19 Are institutions for people with disabilities providing good care today In response to criticism of institutional care and advocacy for NORMALIZATION, many states have passed “DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION” laws These laws are intended to move people with disabilities out of institutions and into communities

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 20 What is the alternative to placing people with disabilities in institutions Most people with disabilities prefer to live in communitiesMost people with disabilities prefer to live in communities In family homes In family homes In group homes In group homes Some communities resist allowing group homes in residential areasSome communities resist allowing group homes in residential areas

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 21 What is the annual COST of the care provided for people with disabilities Minimal cost of an institution = $80,000 per person Minimal cost of a nursing home = $40,000 per person Maximum cost for community placement = $30,000 per person Taxpayers fund over 60% of expenses for people with disabilities living in institutions or nursing homes

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 22 How do other countries respond to the needs of people with disabilities France, Germany, and Austria provide cash benefits to people with disabilities to pay for their care and monitor that spendingFrance, Germany, and Austria provide cash benefits to people with disabilities to pay for their care and monitor that spending Austria requires employers to hire one worker with a disability for every 25 jobs in the business and fines those who do not meet the goalAustria requires employers to hire one worker with a disability for every 25 jobs in the business and fines those who do not meet the goal Fines fund accommodations in businesses for workers with a disabilityFines fund accommodations in businesses for workers with a disability

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 23 How does the United States GOVERNMENT provide support for people with disabilities The federal government established the Social Security program in 1935The federal government established the Social Security program in 1935 Did not include people with disabilities until the 1950s Did not include people with disabilities until the 1950s In 1990 Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to address discrimination against people with disabilitiesIn 1990 Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to address discrimination against people with disabilities Has been ineffective Has been ineffective

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 24 How does the United States support people with disabilities who want to live INDEPENDENTLY In 1973, the Supplemental Security income (SSI) program was created to assist people with disabilitiesIn 1973, the Supplemental Security income (SSI) program was created to assist people with disabilities It was only available for those who could prove financial needIt was only available for those who could prove financial need Recipients could not earn additional money or they would lose the benefitRecipients could not earn additional money or they would lose the benefit

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 25 Is there discrimination against disabled people living in communities JOBS  Although 66% of working age adults with disabilities want to work rather than rely on SSI, only 26.6% are employed and 80% are employed by sheltered workshops, which pay less than minimum wage MOBILITY/ACCESSIBILITY  60% of people with disabilities report that their social, recreational, and employment opportunities are limited by lack of accessible public transportation

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 12 - 26 HEALTH CARE  People with disabilities have difficulty obtaining health insurance Insurance companies screen for “defects” Medicaid is essential (1/3 of people with disabilities chose not to work rather than jeopardize Medicaid coverage) EDUCATION  Federal legislation mandates MAINSTREAMING (students with disabilities must be taught in the “least restrictive environment”), but students with disabilities are still segregated Advocates prefer an INCLUSION MODEL that REQUIRES integration of students with disabilities into regular classrooms