1. Global Core & Periphery
IB HL

2. The Global Economy – Basic features
Single World market – Producers produce to exchange rather than use. Price is determined on a global scale.
3 Geographical tiers – Core / Semi Periphery / Periphery.
Temporal Trends – Growth then stagnation. Hegemony (dominance of one country UK > USA > Japan > China?)

3. The Global Economy – Basic features
Integration or rejection – Reaction of societies, eg Islamic fundamentalism.
States – States function to protect their interests, their companies’ and peoples’ interests from the global economy.
Alternative adaptations – How do nation states adapt to the global economy? Export led, protectionism, isolationism, CPE, Free market.

4. The spatial pattern of global interactions
GNI in 2005
Worldmapper.org

5. Main trade flows are between Europe, North America and East Asia.

6. Car Exports 2002
Earnings from passenger car exports make up 5.3% of all earnings made from international exports. Japan and Germany together make 61% of all net profits (US$) on international car exports.
Japanese car brands include Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Subaru, Honda, Mitsubishi and Mazda. German car brands include Audi, BMW, Mercedes, Volkswagen and Porsche.

7. Internet Users 2002
During the 12 years from 1990 to 2002, people using the Internet increased in number by 224 times. By 2002 there were 631 million Internet users worldwide.
The distribution of Internet users worldwide has changed remarkably over just a dozen years. In 1990 Internet users were mainly found in the United States, Western Europe, Australia, Japan and Taiwan. By 2002 people living in Asia Pacific, Southern Asia, South America, China and Eastern Europe were notable Internet users. A not insignificant number of Internet users are also shown to be in Northern Africa, Southeastern Africa and the Middle East.

8. Finance and Insurance net exports 2002
Of all the net finance and insurance services exports in the world, 99% of the profit flows to territories in Western Europe. Despite this, almost half of the 24 territories in Western Europe have no net finance and insurance services exports. The main exporting territories for these services are the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany and Luxembourg.

9. Global core and periphery

10. Global Economic Triangle of the CORE
North America
Western Europe
East Asia
High Income Countries.
Main trade flows are between these three areas.
Countries in this core have diversified economies, with high output, high purchasing power and large domestic markets.
Outside this core, the global periphery is a location of cheap raw materials or cheap manufacturing or a market for the core to “dump” their surplus products.

11. Wide range of countries SEMI PERIPHERY
High and Middle Income countries.
First waves of NICs – South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore.
Second wave of NICs or RICs – eg Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa.
BRICs – Brazil, Russia, India, China.
Resource exporting countries, Recently and Newly Industrialised Countries, Former Socialist Countries, Poorer European Countries.

12. The excluded PERIPHERY
Lower Middle Income Countries and Low Income Countries.
Mainly Africa.
Small domestic markets, lack of infrastructure, population increase, low economic output, low levels of economic diversification, high agricultural population.

13. Influential global cities are the hubs/nodes of the global interactions in the global economy

14. The Top 10 Most Global Cities
1. New York
2. London
3. Tokyo
4. Paris
5. Hong Kong
6. Chicago
7. Los Angeles
8. Singapore
9. Sydney
10. Seoul
Ranking based on indicators in the following;
Business activity
Human capital
Information exchange
Cultural experience
Political engagement
A T Kearney Global Cities Index 2010

15. The global economy is dynamic
For example the spatial decentralisation (diffusion) of many economic activities.
Until recently this was seen as the diffusion of manufacturing away from the Core to Semi Peripheral areas.
Now we can observe diffusion in services and an increasing decentralisation of coordination and control operations.

16. What does this cartoon say?

17. The disparity of wealth between core and periphery countries is staggering, with 15% of the global population enjoying 75% of the world's annual income.

18. General Principal is
As general prosperity grows worldwide, the majority of that growth is enjoyed by a 'core' region of wealthy countries despite being severely outnumbered in population by those in a 'periphery' that are ignored.

19. What causes this?
there are many barriers, physical and political, that prevent the poorer citizens of the world from participating in global relations.

20. Characteristics of the Core
transnational links,
modern development (i.e. higher wages, access to healthcare, adequate food/water/shelter)
scientific & technological innovation,
economic prosperity.
highly industrialized
rapidly-growing tertiary sector.
EG MEDC!!

21. Characteristics of the Periphery
extreme poverty and a low standard of living.
Health care is non-existent in many places,
less access to clean water
poor infrastructure
Dependence upon the core
EG LEDC !

22. The Semi - Periphery
A political label which referred to countries suffering struggles and social changes during the 1980s & 1990s
E.G LATIN AMERICA & EASTERN EUROPE

23. Colonial Link
Essentially, raw materials were extracted from the periphery and slave labor, sold to core countries where they would be consumed or manufactured, and then sold back to the periphery.
Advocates of this theory believe that the damage done by centuries of exploitation have left these countries so far behind that it is impossible for them to compete in the global market.

25. Most Likely to….. CORE OR PERIPHERY
Low birth rate
High death rate
Longer life expectancy
Lower natural increase
Lower proportion of population under 15
Higher proportion of population over 65
Low percentage employed in agriculture
Low energy consumption
Low % living in urban areas
High car ownership / 1000
High T.V. ownership /1000
Low population number per doctor
High adult literacy

26. Activities
Using The Core And Periphery Worksheet answer the following…
What is the general principle of the Core And Periphery?
What caused this?
What are the characteristics of the Core and Periphery areas?
What is the Semi-Periphery?

27. Activities
Using Geography For The IB Diploma: Global Interactions P14-17, answer the following…
Define Economic Core and Economic Periphery.
Why should the world now be considered to having Core, Periphery, AND Semi-Periphery areas?
Using Figure 2 (P15) describe the characteristics of the 3 types of countries.