1. The process of recharging ATP Textbook pp 95-100
Cellular respiration
The process of recharging ATP
Textbook pp

2. You think… The release of energy from food
Is ‘Respiration’ the same as ‘Breathing’??
No. Respiration is….
The release of energy from food

3. ATP ATP is an energy carrier within the cell
ATP can’t be stored nor can it be exported, so it must be used as it is produced

4. The Regeneration of ATP
Cellular respiration is the process that recharges ATP
Go to TB p 95
A living organism uses ATP continuously, but ATP is a renewable resource that can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP. The energy for this comes from the breakdown of food molecules.

5. Other Carriers
Go to p 96

6. The need for energy
Think of 5 reasons a human body, including all its cells, needs energy
creation (such as protein and polysaccharide manufacture)
active transport (ion pumps, cytosis)
movement (microtubules, actin and myosin filaments, cilia)
generate heat to maintain body temperature

7. Cellular respiration Look up the equation for cellular respiration.
Complete Worksheet

9. Cellular respiration
The complete oxidation of glucose involves over 20 different reactions, each catalysed by a different enzyme.
Respiration does not break down glucose in a single step.
Instead, glucose is broken down gradually releasing about 35% of the available energy to produce ATP. The rest is lost as heat energy

10. Overview of respiration
3 major processes
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport

11. Use your Text Books to match the steps to their major functions and correct order
The breakdown of 6 Carbon Glucose to two 3 Carbon Pyruvate
Occurs in the cytoplasm
NAD carriers get filled with Hydrogen to form NADH
Occurs in the inner matrix of the mitochondria
The stage where most ATP are charged up
Electrons are passed over cytochromes in the on the membranes of the mitochondria
Step 1. 2. 3
Electron Transport
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle

12. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2 Learning Intentions: Understand GLYCOLYSIS Understand Formation of Acetyl CoA HW – WB pp 158

13. Glycolysis
Taking a 6 Carbon Glucose and breaking it into two 3 Carbon molecules.
2 molecules of ATP are used, but 4 are given off.
Therefore, we have a net (overall) gain of 2 ATP

14. Process 1: Glycolysis
Net yield is: 2ATP, 2NADH & 2 pyruvate

15. Link reaction between Glycolysis and The Krebs Cycle: occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
The pyruvic acid in Glycolysis loses a Carbon (through the creation of a CO2) It is now a 2 Carbon compound called acetyl Acetyl is carried by Coenzyme A – together they are Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA moves to the Krebs Cycle.

16. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 3 Learning Intentions: Identify Mitochondrial structure Understand Electron Transport

17. First - Mitochondria
Use TB p 81 to label this

18. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle): takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
See TB p 98
The major points:
The acetyl group (created in the linking reaction) passes into a cycle of reactions .
The acetyl group (2 C) combines with a 4C group to create a 6C molecule
2 lots of Carbon Dioxide are released (waste)
2 ATP produced
Many NADs fill with Hydrogen to form NADH2
The NADH2s are transported to the electron transport chain
Because we lost 2C molecules in our waste, we are now back to the start.

19. Electron & H+ transport coupled with ATP synthesis

20. Electron transport chain: takes place in and across the cristae
It is at this point most of the ATP molecules are charged
One molecule of glucose charges up to 38ATP, with 34 able to be charged in the electron transport chain
NADH2 arrive from glycolysis and Krebs cycle, bringing in Hydrogens
The hydrogens and electrons are passed down the electron transport chain.
ATP is produced

22. respiration of 1 molecule of glucose
Process
ATP produced
glycolysis 2
Krebs cycle
Electron transport 34
Net ATP yield 38
Cellular respiration song

23. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 4 Learning Intentions: Distinguishing between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

24. Other substrates for respiration
Starch
Glycogen
Triglycerides (fatty acids are broken down into 2C molecules and enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA; glycerol enters glycolysis as a triose phosphate)
Proteins (very rarely: amino acids are deaminated and converted into pyruvate, acetyl CoA or Krebs cycle intermediates)

25. Aerobic respiration
When oxygen is present, pyruvate follows a certain pathway:
It enters the mitochondria and undergoes a link reaction
The product of the link reaction enters the Krebs cycle (or Citric acid cycle)
And finally, H atoms (H+ and e-), that have been removed during the steps above, enter the electron transport chain

26. Anaerobic respiration
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen but does occur in its presence
Still involves Glycolysis, but does not follow through the Acetyl CoA Link reaction
Generates a very small amount of ATP
Produces poisonous bi-products

27. Fate of pyruvate when there is no oxygen
Alcoholic fermentation in yeast cells
Lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells
Lactic acid is transported to the liver and oxidised to pyruvate & then to glucose. The oxygen needed for this is called the ‘oxygen debt’ of anaerobic respiration