1. Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration

2. Interest Grabber Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar.
Interest Grabber
Section 9-1
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
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3. I. Chemical Pathways ***Food serves as a source of raw materials for molecular synthesis and energy

4. A. Chemical Energy and Food
1 g glucose when burned in the presence of O2 releases 3811 calories of heat energy.
A _______________is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g water 1 degree C.
The calorie used on food labels is a kilocalorie,or 1000 calories
calorie

5. Cells don’t “burn” glucose
Cells don’t “burn” glucose.Instead,they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds.
Begins w/ __________________________-a pathway that releases a small amount of energy .If O2 is present,it turns to 2 other pathways that release a lot of energy ---and if O2 is not present,glycolysis is followed by another pathway.
glycolysis

6. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)
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7. Final steps of cellular respiration takes place in the _________________
mitochondrion

9. Overview of Cellular Respiration
In the presence of O2,Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain .

10. CELL RESPIRATION equation:_________________________
Glycolysis,electron transport chain and Kreb’s cycle make up___________________-the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food in the presence of O2
CELL RESPIRATION equation:_________________________
Requires O2 ,food and gives off CO2 ,water and energy
The cell has to find a way to trap these little bits of energy to make ATP
Make correction on notes here !
6 O2+ C6H12O6- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +energy
Cellular respiration

11. Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-1
Electrons carried in NADH
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
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12. Glycolysis= process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in ½ ,producing 2 molecules of _________________,a 3-C compound
Pyruvic acid

13. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain
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14. Glycolysis Process 1) ATP Production
2 molecules of _____ beginning/4 molecules ATP are end-net gain of 2 molecules
ATP

15. 2- NADH Production
4 high energy molecules are removed and passed onto electron carrier _____________-nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide-these accept a pair of high energy electrons making ________________ and it passes
electrons onto next molecule.Energy is passed from glucose to other pathways.
Process is fast so ATP is produced –a lot in a short amount of time.
Does not require O2
A problem:when a lot of ATP is made from glycolysis-NAD+ fills w/electrons and w/o NAD+,glycolysis stops
Nad+
nadh

16. D. Fermentation Follows glycolysis if O2 is not present
_______________releases energy from food molecules by making ATP in the Absence of O2.
Cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing electrons to _____________acid.This coverts NADH back to carrier NAD+,allowing glycolysis to continue
Called__________because it does not require O2
Fermentation
Pyruvic acid
anaerobic

17. Types of Fermentation 1) Alcoholic Fermentation
Used by___________________
Ethyl alcohol and CO2 are made as waste
Pyruvic acid + NADH-- alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ 
Causes bread dough to rise due to _____
CO2
Yeasts and other microorganisms

18. 2) Lactic Acid Fermentation
Fermentation that uses pyruvic acid produced to convert to lactic acid
Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
Pyruvic acid + NADH-- lactic acid + NAD+
Produced in muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough ___ to the tissues.(for ATP production)
Causes a painful burning sensation
Unicellular organisms also produce lactic acid as a waste during fermentation…..eg .prokaryotes in yogurt production,buttermilk,sauerkraut… O2

19. Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Lactic acid
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
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20. Interest Grabber Rolling and Folding
Section 9-2
Rolling and Folding
Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve?
To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.
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21. Interest Grabber continued
Section 9-2
1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
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22. Electron Transport Chain
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)
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23. II. The Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport
At the end of Glycolysis,90 % of chemical energy available in glucose is still unused,locked in high energy electrons of ____________________
O2 becomes a powerful electron acceptor
Called ______________because these pathways require O2
aerobic
Pyruvic acid

24. A. The Kreb’s Cycle
During the Kreb’s Cycle,pyruvic acid is broken down into ______ in a series of energy-extracting steps
Because ________________is the 1st compound formed,it is also called ___________________.
Citric acid
CO2
Citric acid cycle

25. 1) Begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the _________________.
1 C-atom pyruvic acid becomes part of CO2 and gets released into the air.
2) Citric acid is broken down into a 4-C molecule,more CO2 is released,and _________________are transferred to energy carriers
electrons
mitochondrion

26. For each turn of the cycle,a molecule similar to ADP is converted into a molecule similar to ATP.
Electron carrier NAD+ changes to ____________
Electron carrier FAD(flavine adenine dinucleotide) changes to _________________
FADH2
NADH

27. What happens to each of the Kreb’s Cycle Products?
CO2 released is the source of all CO2 you exhale
__________produced directly can be used for cellular activities
In the presence of O2,high-energy electrons from electron carriers are used to make large amounts of ATP.
ATP

28. Kreb’s Cycle Section 9-2 Go to Section: Mitochondrion
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion
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29. B. Electron Transport
Kreb’s Cycle produces high-energy electrons passed to NADH and FADH2
These electrons are passed from the electron carriers to _______________________,which uses high energy electrons from Kreb’s cycle to convert ADP into ATP
Electron Transport Chain

30. High energy electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2 are passed along electron transport chain
In eukaryotes,the chain is composed of carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
In prokaryotes,the same chain is in the ____________________
At the end of the chain,an enzyme combines these electrons w/H+ ions and O2 to form __________
O2,then ,serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain,getting rid of wastes(low energy electrons and H+ ions.)
Cell membrane
H2O

31. 2) Every time 2 high energy electrons transport down the transport chain,their energy is used to transport H+ across the membrane…..H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space making it positive…. and the other side is negative.
3) How does the cell use the charge difference?....The inner membranes of mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthase….As H+ ions escape into the proteins,the enzyme rotates,adding phosphate to low energy ADP to make _____.
ATP

32. On the average,each pair of high energy electrons moves down the chain,providing enough energy to make 3 ATP from 3 ADP.

33. Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production
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34. The totals Glycolysis makes 2 ATP for each glucose molecule
w/o O2,that’s all the energy extracted
w/ O2,the Kreb’s Cycle and the transport chain make 34 more ATP(36 molecules total,counting glycolsis) x as much
These 36 molecules of ATP are 38% the total energy in glucose…actually efficient
The other 62 % is released as _______________---one reason why you feel warmer after exercise
heat

35. D.Energy and Exercise Glycolysis covers a few seconds of a runners run
Next –lactic acid fermentation produces ATP w/o O2 present
At end of race,runner breathes extra to use O2 to help rid body of lactic acid
For long term energy(eg. Cross-country running),cellular respiration releases a continual supply of ATP
Muscles store _____________ that help out w/ about 20 min. of activity
After that,stored fats are broken down
glycogen

36. E. Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
__________________deposits energy by making glucose
____________________withdraws energy by breaking down glucose
Photosynthesis removes CO2 from atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.
Photosynthesis releases ____ into atmosphere and Cellular Respiration uses it to release energy from food.
Cellular Respiration happens in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes and________________________only happens in plants ,algae and some bacteria. O2
Cellular respiration
photosynthesis
photosynthesis