1. Chapter 3: The French Revolution and Napoleon
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2. Learning Objectives:
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the Democratic Revolutions in England, the United States, France and Latin America

3. Section 1: On the Eve of Revolution
Key Terms:
ancien regime
estate
bourgeoise
deficit spending
Louis XVI
Jacques Necker
Estates-General
cahier
Tennis Court Oath
Bastille

4. French Society Divided
In 1789, France still maintained an old social class system or ancien regime (old order)
There were 3 social classes or estates
First estate – made up of clergy
Second Estate- made up of nobility
Third Estate-made up of most people, commoners

5. The Clergy Enjoy the Wealth
French clergy enjoyed wealth and privilege
Owned 10% of the land, collected tithes (weekly collections) and paid no taxes
High level clergy such as bishops and abbots lived in comfortable dwellings and ate well
Nuns, monks, and priests ran schools, hospitals, and orphanages
Enlightenment philosophers targeted the church for reform by criticizing the idleness of some clergy, its interference in politics, and its intolerance of difference
Church condemned the philosophers for undermining religion and moral order

6. Nobles Hold Top Government Jobs
Nobility held the top jobs in the government, the military, and the Church
Some nobility competed for royal appointments, some did nothing but entertain and be entertained, others lived in the countryside and received little financial income but did have a title
Many of the nobility resented the monarchy

7. Third Estate is Vastly Different
Third estate was split into 3 groups
Bourgeoise, included bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors
Most of the third estate was rural peasants- some owned land and employed others to work for them, or they were tenant farmers
Poorest members of the third estate-urban workers including apprentices, journeymen, painters, weavers, servants, stable hands, construction workers, street merchants
This group resented all the priveleges of the upper groups
Barely made enough to buy bread, their main food
The 1st and 2nd estates paid no taxes, but peasants paid taxes on everything
Enlightenment ideas challenged people to question the inequities that existed

8. Financial Troubles
France was experiencing financial troubles as a result of years of deficit spending, when the government spends more money than it makes.
Financial troubles began with Louis XIV
The Seven Year War and American Revolution drained the French Treasury
To bridge the gap between income and expenses, French government borrowed more and more money
By 1789, half of the French income was spent on paying the interest for the debt that it had accrued
In the late 1780’s poor harvests led to high food prices and resulted in hunger
To fix the problems, government would need to collect taxes from the 1st and 2nd estate

9. Economic Reform Fails
Louis XV, who ruled from pursued pleasure before business and ran up even more debt
Louis XVI was a weak and indecisive ruler
Chose Jacques Necker, a financial expert as his advisor
Necker urged the King to reduce spending, reform government, and reduce tariffs on internal trading
When Necker proposed taxing the first and second estate, the nobles and clergy forced the king to dismiss him
Wealthy demanded that the king summon the Estates- General, the legislative body consisting of representatives from each estate before enacting any reform
Some saw this as an opportunity to enact reforms and bring their king under their control

10. Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General
Louis XVI had all three estates prepare cahiers, or notebooks listing their grievances
Most common grievances were fairer taxes, freedom of the press, and need for more frequent meetings of the Estates-General
The cahiers illustrated class resentments
Members of the 3rd estate were elected to the Estates- General, most were Bourgeoise because only men owning property could vote
Many Bourgeoise were familiar with philosophers and went to the Estates-General wanting to enact reform

11. Estates-General met in June 1789
From the beginning the Estates-General was deadlocked over issues of voting
Traditionally group s met separately and cast a group vote. This meant that the third estate would always be outvoted 2 to 1
Third estate wanted voting done by individuals
After weeks of stalemate, claiming to represent the people of France, the Third Estate declared themselves to be the National Assembly
When the National Assembly attempted to meet, they found the meeting hall had been locked out
Delegates moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and took the famous tennis court oath
Swore never to separate & to meet wherever the circumstances might require until a sound and just constitution was written

12. Parisians Storm the Bastille
On July 14, 1789 more than 800 citizens of Paris assembled in front of the Bastille, a fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners
Crowd demanded that the weapons and gunpowder they believed was stored there be turned over
Commander of the Bastille refused to open the gates and opened fire on the crowd
Crowd killed the commander and 5 soldiers and released many of the prisoners, but found no weapons
Bastille was a symbol of the French monarchy
French celebrate Bastille Day as their national independence day

13. Section 2: The French Revolution Unfolds
Learning Objectives: List the principals of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen and the U.S. Bill of Rights Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire

14. Key Terms Marquis de Lafayette Olypme de Gouges Marie Antoinette
faction
Marquis de Lafayette
Olypme de Gouges
Marie Antoinette
Émigré
sans-culotte
republic
Jacobins

15. Political Crisis Leads to Revolt
Political crisis of 1789 coincided with the worst famine in memory
Food shortages led to increase in food prices, resulting in peasants spending 80% of income on bread
Rumors spread that the government was going to confiscate peasant’s crops
Peasants reacted by setting fire to records, and stealing grain from storehouses

16. Paris Commune Comes to Power
A variety of factions, or small groups of people competed for power
Marquis de Lafayette was an aristocrat who fought with George Washington in the American Revolution, led the moderates, a largely middle class group
Was the first group to wear the tricolor (red white and blue badge later adopted as the French flag)
Paris Commune was a radical group who replaced the royalist government in the city and demanded an end to the monarchy

17. The National Assembly Acts
On August 4, nobility voted to end their own privileges including manorial dues, special hunting rights, and exemption from taxes
Although though nobles officially gave these privileges up, they had already lost them
Enacted the key enlightenment goal-equality for all male citizens before the law

18. Declaration of the Rights of Man
Was modeled after the American Declaration of Independence
Stated that all men were “born and remain free and equal in rights” and that they enjoyed the rights to “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
Constitution claimed that the government existed to protect the natural rights of citizens
Other freedoms: all male citizens were equal before the law, every Frenchman had the right to hold public office, freedom of religion, taxes levied according to the ability to pay
Declaration did not include women
In 1791, Olympe De Gouges, a journalist, drafted the Declaration of Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
Was arrested and executed

19. Women March on Versailles
On October 5th 6,000 women marched 13 miles in the pouring rain from Paris to Versailles
Demanded to see the king and were furious with Austrian born queen Marie Antoinette due to their lavish lifestyle while French people suffered and starved
Refused to leave Versailles until the king returned to France
King was marched to Paris with his wife and son

22. The National Assembly Presses Onward
National Assembly continued to work to draft a constitution and pay off the huge debt
Voted to take over and sell lands owned by the Catholic Church
Put the French Catholic Church under state control
Bishops and priests became elected, salaries officials
Ended Papal control over the French Catholic Church
Dissolved convents and monastaries
Pope condemned all these actions…why?

23. The Constitution of 1791 Establishes a New Government
Set up a limited monarchy instead of an absolute monarchy.
New legislative assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace
Lawmakers would now be elected by tax-paying male citizens over age 25
Old provinces were restructured into 83 “departments” of equal size
Lasting Effects of the new Constitution:
Ensured equality before the law for all male citizens
Ended church intervention into matters of government

24. Louis’s Escape Fails
Marie Antoinette and others urged the king to escape
In June 1791, a carriage rolled north from Paris to the border, inside the king sat disguised as a servant, and the queen as a governess with the royal children
King was recognized and the family was seized and returned to Paris

25. Rulers Spread Fear of Revolution
European rules increased patrol to stop the spread of the French plague
What was the “French Plague?”
Fears were spread by emigres, nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France during the revolution
Reported attacks on their property, loss of privileges, their religion and even attacks on their lives
Even enlightened despots turned their back on France and the philosophers
Why

26. Threats Come From Abroad
In August 1791, King of Prussia, and emperor of Austria issued the Declaration of Pilnitz in which they threaten to intervene to protect the French Monarchy
Although it was a bluff, French revolutionaries began to prepare to war against the two countries

27. Radicals Fight for Power and Declare War
In October 1791 new Legislative Assembly took office
New currency Assignant dropped in value causing prices to rise rapidly
Food shortages erupted again
In Paris and other cities, Sans-Culottes, working class men and women pushed the revolution to more radical action, demanded a republic, a government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarch

28. The National Assemble Declares War on Tyranny
In 1792 Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria, Prussia, Britain and other states
Other countries expected to easily defeat France but were surprised when the fighting lasted until
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29. STAR Practice Question
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) contained the idea that individual rights were:
Limited to property owners
Won by overthrowing monarchs
Given to all men at birth
Earned by participation in government

30. Answer:
The declaration stated that all men were “born and remain free and equal in rights” and that they enjoyed the rights to “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
Therefore
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) contained the idea that individual rights were:
Limited to property owners
Won by overthrowing monarchs
Given to all men at birth
Earned by participation in government

31. Section 3: Radical Days of the Revolution
Learning Objectives for this section:
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the Democratic Revolutions in England, the United States, France and Latin America
Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire

32. Key Terms Suffrage Robespierre Reign of Terror Guillotine Napoleon
Nationalism
Marseilles

33. The Monarchy is Abolished
On August 10, 1792 a crowd of Parisians stormed the King’s castle and slaughtered the guards
One month later, Parisians attacked the prisons and killed nobles and priests accused of political crimes
Radicals took control of the assembly and called for a new election. Wanted suffrage (the right to vote) extended to all male citizens, not just male property owning citizens
Abolished the monarchy & set up a republic
Drew up a new Constitution
Seized the lands of the nobles and abolished noble titles
Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor and beheaded
Queen Marie Antoinette was also executed

34. The Convention Creates a New Committee
As neighboring countries threatened France (Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia) the new Convention created a Committee of Public Safety
Committee had almost absolute power to save the revolution
Issued a mass levy (a levee en masse) or tax that required all citizens to contribute to the war effort
12 member committee was also in charge of all trials and executions
Enthusiastic soldiers marched off to defend France from foreign invaders, defeating the Netherlands, invading France and crushing peasant revolts at home

35. Robespierre “the Incorruptible”
Maximilien Robespierre rose to leadership in the Committee of Public Safety
Believed in Rousseau’s idea of general will as the source of legitimate law
Promoted religious tolerance and wanted to abolish slavery
Believed that France could achieve a “Republic of Virtue” only through the use of terror which he defined as prompt, severe, and inflexible justice
Claimed “liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads.”
Was the chief architect of the reign of terror which lasted from September 1793-July 1794 characterized by hasty trials and many executions

37. Reign of Terror
Greatest suspects were those who resisted the revolution
300,000 individuals were arrested and 17,000 were executed
Guillotine was the primary means of execution
Developed by Dr. Joseph Guillotine
Characterized by a falling blade that killed instantly by beheading
Was considered more humane than execution with an axe
By July 27, 1794 the Convention turned on the Committee for Public Safety
Robespierre was arrested and executed

38. The Revolution Enters its Third Stage
Third Stage moved away from radical excessiveness
Produced a new constitution
Appointed a 5 man Directory and a 2 house legislature elected by male property owning citizens
Middle class and bourgeoisie were the dominant force during this time
During this time, France made peace with Spain and Prussia but continued war with Austria and Great Britain
Food shortages and riots continued and feelings of royalist feelings began to emerge again
In 1797, Supporters of the Constitutional Monarchy resurfaced
Politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte a popular military leader , as a potential leader

39. Revolution Brings Change
By 1799 the French Revolution had lasted 10 years
The Revolution had upset the old social order, overthrown the monarchy, and brought the church under state control
French people had a strong sense of nationalism (strong feelings of pride and devotion to one’s own country)
Revolutionaries continued to push for social and religious tolerance
New systems were created to aid the poor, widowed, and old soldiers

40. STAR Practice Question
What was one reason for the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution? (a) the revolutionaries were unable to gain control of other European nations (b) the revolutionaries were unable to support wars of liberation in the colonies (c) The revolutionaries were unable to establish a successful stable government (d) The revolutionaries were unable to prevent to return to power of the nobility

41. Answer:
What was one reason for the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution? (a) the revolutionaries were unable to gain control of other European nations (b) the revolutionaries were unable to support wars of liberation in the colonies (c) The revolutionaries were unable to establish a successful stable government (d) The revolutionaries were unable to prevent to return to power of the nobility

42. Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Learning Objectives:
Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire
Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the Revolution of 1848

43. Key Terms: Plebiscite Napoleonic Code Annex Continental System
Guerrilla Warfare
Scorched-Earth Policy
Abdicate
Congress of Vienna
Legitimacy
Concert of Europe

44. Napoleon Rises to Power
Was born in Corsica, a French ruled island in the Mediterranean
Was sent to France at age 9 for military training
When the revolution began he as an ambitious soldier of 20
Favored Jacobin and republican rule but chose sides based on the following philosophy…
“ Since one must take sides, one might as well choose the side that is victorious, the side which devastates, loots, and burns. Considering the alternative, it is better to eat than be eaten.”

45. Victories Cloud Loses
Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of the army
Led the French to a number of military victories
Wanted to disrupt British trade in India so he led an expedition to Egypt but this was a disaster
He hid this be censoring the press
In 1799 he moved into politics helping to overthrown the weak 5 person Directory and setting up a 3 person governing board known as the consulate
In 1802 he named himself Consulate for life
In 1804 he named himself Emperor of France
At each stage of increasing power Napoleon held a plebiscite, popular vote by ballot, and was supported by the French people

46. Napoleon Reforms France
Focus of Napoleons reign was order, security, efficiency
To restore Economic prosperity Napoleon controlled prices, encouraged new industry, and built roads and canals
Set up a system of public schools
Worked to repair the relationship with the Catholic Church
Recognized the rights of peasants to own land
Opened jobs to all based on talent not on title
Developed a new code of laws “Napoleonic Code” which recognized the equality of all citizens , religious tolerance, and abolition of feudalism
Women were not recognized as citizens

47. Napoleon Builds an Empire
From 1804 to 1812, Napoleon expanded his empire by using rapid movements, making effective use of his large armies, and development of a new plan for each battle
Annexed, or added the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany to France
Controlled much of Europe through forceful diplomacy
Napoleon’s success boosted the French morale

48. Napoleon Strikes Britain
Britain stayed outside Napoleon’s Empire
In 1805 Napoleon prepared to invade France
Britain’s navy defeated the French
Since Napoleon couldn’t defeat France militarily he waged economic warfare through the continental system
France closed European ports to British goods (similar to a boycott)
Britain responded by its own blockade
Both sides began seizing troops they believed were trading with the other side, including American ships
Continental system failed to bring down Great Britain b/c of its strong navy
Trade restrictions however, did lead to scarcity of good and as a result increasing prices

49. Nationalism Works Against Napoleon
In 1812, Napoleon invades Russia to expand his empire
People in conquered lands began to resent Napoleon’s imposition of French culture on them
Feelings of nationalism began to unleash a series of revolts

50. Spain and Austria Battle the French
Even after being conquered by France and Napoleon, many Spanish remained loyal to their king and the Spanish Catholic Church
When the Spanish resisted. The French responded with brutal force
Frances actions further inflamed Spanish nationalism
Spanish rebels began a campaign of Guerrilla Warfare, or his and run raids, against the French
Spanish efforts also encouraged Austrian hostility
France crushed Austrian resistance and annexed some of its lands

51. The Russian Winter Stops the Grand Army
Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon had once been allies and planned to divide Europe up among the two
Tsar withdrew his support of Napoleon after Napoleon expanded his lands that bordered Russia and enacted the Continental System
Napoleon responded by creating an army of soldiers of 20 nations called the “Great Army” to invade Russia
600,000 soldiers, 50,000 horses
To avoid battles with Napoleon, the Russians retreated eastward, burning crops and villages along the way: “Scorched-Earth Policy”
French troops were starving as the winter approached and were forced to retreat
Fewer than 20,000 soldiers of the Great Army survived

52. Napoleon Abdicates Briefly
In 1814 following a series of defeats, Napoleon briefly abdicates, or steps down from power and was exiled to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean
Recognized Louis XVIII as king of France
Agreed to recognize the laws of the Napoleonic Code and land settlements made during the revolution
Return of a king brought back many nobles to France
Fear by the masses rekindled loyalty to Napoleon
Napoleon escaped his island and returned to France
Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon returned to power

53. Crushed at the Battle of Waterloo
On June 18, 1815, other European nations met near the town of Waterloo near Belgium
Forces from these allied countries crushed Napoleon in a one day battle
Napoleon was force to abdicate once again to St. Helene, a lonely island in the South Atlantic

54. Napoleon’s Legacy Lasting Effects:
Spread the idea of revolution throughout Europe
Sparked the idea of nationalism throughout different countries in Europe
His sale of the Louisiana Territory doubled the size of the United States
The Napoleonic Code of Laws
Development of a Constitution
Expanded suffrage (rights to vote)
Expanded rights to own property
Expanded access to education

55. Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna
After Waterloo, delegates from European Nations met at the Congress of Vienna
Goal: to restore order in Europe and create a lasting peace
How to do this: establish a balance of power and protect the monarchies throughout Europe
Decided to surround France with strong countries to control it
Members of the Congress promoted the idea of legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchs

56. Congress Fails to See Traps Ahead
Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia set up an alliance called the Quadruple Alliance
Nations pledged to act together to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings
Concert of Europe was also established
Nations agreed to meet ocassionally to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe

57. STAR Practice Question
Goals of the Congress of Vienna
Restore monarchs to power
Build a Lasting Peace
Restore Balance of Power ?
Which statement replaces the questions mark on the list?
(a) Restrict the growth of nationalist movements
(b) Support labor unions
(c) Restrict the spread of religious movements
(d) Support women’s suffrage

58. Answer: Which statement replaces the questions mark on the list?
(a) Restrict the growth of nationalist movements
(b) Support labor unions
(c) Restrict the spread of religious movements
(d) Support women’s suffrage

59. STAR Practice Question
Why did the citizens of France accept Napoleon? (a) they were intimidated by armies that occupied Paris (b) Napoleon was needed to replace a foreign line of monarchs (c) The citizens wanted to end the chaos of the revolution (d) Napoleon had already destroyed the British Navy

60. Answer:
Why did the citizens of France accept Napoleon? (a) they were intimidated by armies that occupied Paris (b) Napoleon was needed to replace a foreign line of monarchs (c) The citizens wanted to end the chaos of the revolution (d) Napoleon had already destroyed the British Navy