2. Causes of WW1 M A I N

3. Militarism 1. Building up armed forces getting ready for war 2.Glorification of the military 3.Increase in military spending 4.More input by military leaders in the government

4. Militarism Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships. The British feared an attack on their Empire Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies 18801914 Germany1.3m5.0m France0.73m4.0m Russia0.40m1.2m

5. Alliances Agreements or promises to help or defend another country

6. Alliances By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances. The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

7. Alliances Central Powers  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Italy Triple Entente (Allies)  France  Russia  Great Britain

8. Imperialism One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country

9. Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory. The British feared Germany in Africa. The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

10. Nationalism Extreme love and pride in your country Desire of people with the same nationality to form their own nation-state Desire for freedom from foreign rule

11. Nationalism This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence. In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule. Serbia’s national flag

12. Alliances Central Powers (Axis)  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Italy Triple Entente (Allies)  France  Russia  Great Britain

13. Conflict in the Balkans  Large number of different religions and nationalities  Balkan Wars – struggle for control of the Peninsula  “Powder Keg of Europe”

17. Conflict in the Balkans

18. Assassination 28 June 1914 Heir to Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand Assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia- Herzegovina by Serbian Nationalists Black Hand – Serbian Nationalist Group Seal of the Black Hand group

19. Key Events of Assassination 1. Archduke and wife visit Bosnia 2. 7 conspirators line parade route 3. Conspirator 4 does nothing 4. Cabrinovic’s bomb injured spectators 5. Archduke wants to visit injured 6. Assassins change positions 7. Car takes wrong turn 8. Princip shoots FF and Sophie 9. Princip goes to jail

20. The Coaches Czar Nicholas II, Russia, George Clemenceau, FR David Lloyd George, GB Woodrow Wilson, US Allied Powers Central Powers Franz Joseph, A-H Wilhelm II, Germany

21. Series of Unfortunate Events Countries have an U.R.G.E. to go to war “Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …” U. Ultimatum from A-H to Serbia fails. Blank Check from Germany. A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum R. Russia as “Protector of the Slavs” mobilizes her troops to support Serbia July Crisis-no war? July 28 th -1914-A-H (because of Germany’s backing) declares war on Serbia Russia declares war on Germany because she is protector of Slavs

22. Series of Unfortunate Events Countries have an U.R.G.E. to go to war G. Germany declares war on France and Russia. Schlieffen Plan E. England, “Protector of Belgium”, declares war on Germany when Germany marches through neutral Belgium to attack France

23. Playing Field Eastern Front –Mostly in Russia, along the German/Russian border –Type of fighting used = more mobile –Problems – neither side able to achieve a complete victory –Battle lines changed often (fluid) Western Front –Mostly in France, along German/French Border –Type of fighting used = Trench Warfare –Problems = stalemate… Stalemate – deadlock, where neither side gains an advantage –War of Attrition – no quick victory; each side tries to wear the other side down

24. German Plans to Attack France

26. 1 st Play: Schlieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen Plan to avoid a two front war Attacked France through neutral Belgium Defeat the French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize Turn and fight Russia Problems: Heavily fortified areas in Belgium Strong resistance from France Russia mobilized quicker Britain attacked from the north

27. 1 st Game: Battle of the Marne German’s advance into France Pushed back by French at Marne Stalemate and Trench Warfare begin Ends Schlieffen Plan

28. Battle of Verdun German attack on French Longest battle of WWI = 300 days Total casualties – 700,000 No clear winner Stalemate

29. Battle of Somme British/French surprise attack against Germans British losses 1 st day – 60,000 men Total Casualties – 1Million+ No clear winner Stalemate Tank introduced

31. 1 st Game Eastern Front Battle of Tannenberg Russia vs. Germany/Austria-Hungry Russian Advantages –Largest army (15:1 ratio Russian to German) Not well trained Lacked weapons Russian Disadvantages –Least industrialized –Lack of Modern Technology Who won? –GERMANS

32. Battle of Gallipoli Britain’s (Winston Churchill) Game Plan : –Open supply route to Russia –Capture Dardanelle Straight gaining access to Black Sea –Eliminate the Ottoman Empire from the war Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire – promised land by A-H to defend Dardanelle’s at all cost Allies fail

33. Battle of Gallipoli

34. Trench Warfare

35. Diagram of the Trenches

36. Trench System

37. French soldiers firing over their own dead All Quiet on the Western Front – trench warfare (9:27) Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast them? These lines haven't moved for a year! Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast them? These lines haven't moved for a year! No-Mans land

38. Propaganda – information or material spread to advance a cause or damage an opponent’s cause. Objectives of Wartime Propaganda Posters 1.Recruitment of Soldiers 2.Financing the war effort – the sale of bonds (loans from citizens to the government) 3.Eliminated opposition to the war, or unifying the country behind the war 4.Conservation of resources necessary to fight the war ( food, oil, steel) 5.Participation in home-front organizations to support the war effort

39. Types of Propaganda Bandwagon – everyone is doing it, and you don’t want to be left out. The propagandist puts forth the idea that everyone is doing this, or everyone supports this person/cause, so should you

40. Types of Propaganda Demonization – portraying the enemy as evil, murderous and aggressive. The propagandist makes it clear whom the public should hate. The enemy may be portrayed as a hairy beast or the devil himself. This tool becomes more powerful when the enemy can be blamed for committing inhumane acts against women and children

42. Types of Propaganda Patriotic Appeals – using patriotic symbols or language to appeal to people’s national pride. For example, language such as “truth”, “freedom, “honor”

43. Weapons Webquest New inventions made WWI different then any other war that was previously fought WWI introduced: –Submarines –Airplanes –Poison Gas –Machine Guns –Tanks Your Task –Complete the Webquest located in your playbook

44. U-Boat

45. Poison Gas

46. Machine Guns

47. Tanks

48. Airplanes

49. Armenian Holocaust Dates-April 24, 1915 – 1917 Causes-a decline in power and military losses in World War I caused the OE to use the Armenians as scapegoats for their problems Perpetrators- Ottoman Empire Victims-Armenians Casualties-1.5 million Deny it bc it makes them look bad

50. Armenian Holocaust Example of Nationalism-If the Armenian people inside the Ottoman Empire declared independence.

51. Pre-Revolutionary Russia Nicholas II became Tsar (Czar/Caesar) in 1884-AlexIII left him a mess Only true autocracy left in Europe Believed he was the absolute ruler annointed by God No type of representative political institutions for workers

52. The Revolution of 1905 Workers unhappy-had lost the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-Poverty Workers were concentrated in St. Petersburg and Moscow Help from the countryside: poor peasants Duma-Legislative body- established-no real political power though

53. Imperial Family ruled for 300 years Czar Nicolas was unprepared and foolish He was influenced by his German born wife, Alexandra (she was Queen Victoria of England granddaughter) His concern was for his 4 daughters and his son, Aleksei, who had hemophilia (gene carried by Queen Victoria)

54. Aleksei: Alexandra’s Son with Hemophilia

55. Alexandra: The Power Behind the Throne Alexandra was even more blindly committed to autocracy than her husband Rasputin a monk with supposed psychic powers had influence over her He seemingly cured Aleksei- hypnosis Scandals surrounding Rasputin served to discredit the monarchy-womanizer, alcoholic, affair with Czarina

56. The Collapse of the Imperial Government Nicholas leaves for the Front—September, 1915 Alexandra and Rasputin throw the government into chaos-inflation, food and fuel shortages Rumors of an affair Alexandra and other high government officials accused of treason

57. The Collapse of the Imperial Government (cont) Rasputin assassinated in December of 1916 by members of the royal family who wanted him dead Cyanide, shot 4 times, thrown into a river-still living Alexandra refused to receive assistance of the Russian Middle Class Wartime economy was completely mismanaged

58. Rasputin’s Letter- Foreshadowing the death of the Royal Family "I write and leave behind me this letter at St. Petersburg. I feel that I shall leave life before January 1...If I am killed by common assassins, and especially by my brothers the Russian peasants, you Tsar of Russia, have nothing to fear, remain on your throne and govern, and you, Russian Tsar, will have nothing to fear for your children, they will reign for hundreds of years in Russia...if it was your relations who have wrought my death, then no one in the family, that is to say, none of your children or relations, will remain alive for more than two years. They will be killed by the Russian people...You must reflect and act prudently. Think of your safety and tell your relations that I have paid for them with my blood. I shall be killed. I am no longer among the living." Pray, pray, be strong, think of your blessed family. Grigory

59. The Two Revolutions of 1917 The March Revolution (March 12)-Czar Abdicates The November Revolution (November 6)-Provisional Government vs Petrograd Soviet

60. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 1.March Revolution March 8 th through 15 th, 1917, there is rioting in the streets of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) over a lack of food and fuel. (Clip-fall/Tsar)Clip-fall/Tsar Government orders troops who are sent in to break up the riots The Soldiers refused to fire, and join the rioters. Note: the March Revolution is not organized by the revolutionary intellectuals but by working people.

61. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 2. Abdication –March 15 th, 1917 The Czar (Nicholas II) gives up the throne Giving up the throne is also known as abdication This ends the 300 year Romanov Rule A new government will begin…

62. Think, Pair, Share Why was Czar Nicholas II so unpopular? In your playbook, write down 3 specific examples.

63. Answer His political incompetence Reliance on the mystic healer Rasputin Food and fuel shortages

64. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 3. Provisional Government attempts to establish a Democracy – legislature made up of middle class Alexander Kerensky –Prime Minister Big Mistake: Didn’t withdraw from WWI…he continues Russia’s involvement

65. Think/Pair/Share How did the provisional government loose support? Do you think this was a good idea to begin with? Why/why not? Write down your answer in your playbook.

66. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events Problems for the Provisional Government –Desertion –Worsening transportation –Drop in armament production –Weak –All this leads to loss of support…

67. Think, Pair, Share Who was Lenin? What was his slogan and what did it mean for Russian society?

68. Petrograd Soviet *Workers, Soldiers, and Socialist *Mensheviks –slow transition to communism-masses start and lead to 1 communist state *Bolsheviks-led by Lenin-immediate revolution by intellectuals and creation of a communist state-Workers of the World Unite! –Win over Mensheviks by 9-17 Goals-Small group and spread revolution worldwide

69. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 4. November Revolution = Bolshevik Beliefs – small number of intellectuals and workers lead a radical revolution against Noblemen/Lords and middle class Lenin – leader of Bolsheviks-sent from Germany in a sealed train car

70. Peace, Land, and Bread –Promised “Peace, Land, and Bread” –Withdraw from war, all peasants given land, everyone would have enough to eat

71. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events November Revolution Continued… Coup d'état – sudden overthrow of government (Provisional government in Russia) by people from within a country-Lenin and Bolsheviks take over Socialist State –Workers control of factories and mines –Land distribution to peasants –End private property –Create Equality Communists – name given to Bolsheviks based on the ideas of Karl Marx

72. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 5. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk = Treaty to end fighting between Germany and Russia in WWI. Reasons Russia gets out: –Lenin/communists take Absolute Power –Large number of troops being killed –Food shortages throughout the country –Wanted to focus on stabilizing the economy and creating equality Russia lose much of Western territory and 1/3 of population to Germany Germany can concentrate on Western Front – ends 2- Front war

74. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 6. Civil War (1918-1921) = Reds (also known as communists) VS Whites (Army – supporters of the Czar) Leon Trotsky – communist leader of the Red Army –Used force and education to promote loyalty to communism Whites – received military aid from the Allies and the United States – why? –Promised to defeat Reds quickly and get Russia back into WWI Villages burned, workers and peasants starved, economy worsened Lenin/Communists gain control by 1921

75. Bolshevik Ideology Were against Nobles and Lords-rich Stressed total equality Working class and peasants Sought peace with Germany to stabilize their economy and government Fighting against economic hardship, famine, and an oppressive govt

76. March Revolution-Czar abdicates November Revolution-Provisional Government VS The Petrograd Soviet Civil War-Reds (supporters of Lenin) VS Whites (supporters of the Czar)

77. The Russian Revolution = 7 Key Events 7. Imperial Execution (1918) = Czar Nicholas II and his family executedCzar Nicholas II and his family executed Video Rasputin song

78. Exit Slip: How did Russia’s involvement in WW1 help fuel Revolution?

79. –Desertion –Worsening transportation –Drop in armament production –Weak and incompetent Czar and Provisional Government –Food and Fuel shortages

80. America Enters WWI

81. Reasons Why US Didn’t Get Involved Initially 1. Not our war-Isolationist 2. Businesses could sell to both sides and we had immigrants from both sides

82. Reason for US Entry Ties to GB-Common Language and culture Propaganda Sinking of the Lusitania Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Zimmerman Note

83. US Enters WWI When-April 2 nd, 1917 Why-”To make the world safe for democracy”

84. Sinking of the Lusitania –German u-boat torpedoes British passenger ship off Irish coast-May 7 th, 1915 –1200 die, 124 Americans

85. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare At first, Germans struck down only warships 1915-struck civilian and commercial ships bc they were carrying supplies to Allies President Wilson threatened Germany and they stopped for awhile but resumed it in 1917 to stop British control of the seas Wilson broke off diplomatic relations

86. Zimmerman Note Note from German Foreign Minister to German Ambassador in Mexico –Convince Mexico to go to war against US –Mexico to gain territory lost in Mex- Am War –Prevent U.S. from joining war in Europe –US declares war: April 2, 1917

87. America At War American Expeditionary Forces “Dough Boys” http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.h tm

88. Global War Resources and soldiers from all over Fought in Asia and Africa - Allies gained German colonies British get help from Middle East colonies of Ottoman Empire conquered the Ottoman’s – expected independence at war’s end

89. Global War What did imperialized nations want? 1.Citizenship OR 2.Independence What was the outcome? –Didn’t gain independence, European empires extended their empires at the expense of the colonies

90. End of War-Which side Wins? Second Battle of the Marne (7/18) - Last Major German Offensive Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates Armistice – Agreement to end fighting 11:00am 11/11/18 Allies win

91. Lives Lost Russia3.7 million France1.7 million Great Britain 995,000 United States 117,000 Germany2.4 million Austria1.5 million Ottoman Empire 2.9 million Total Deaths29 million 6 million-mangled, disfigured, deformed Total Casualties37M

92. Paris Peace Conference January 1919-April 1919 Countries not at the conference-Germany, Russia and the other Central Powers 27 Nations represented

93. Paris Peace Conference 5 Separate Peace Treaties known as the Peace of Paris Central Powers not invited Big 4 - Allied Powers: Great Britain-Llyod George, US-Wilson, France-Clemenceau, Italy-Orlando

94. Paris Peace Conference At the conference it was Wilson’s idealism vs. GB, France, and Italy’s revenge/nationalism Explain???

95. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Three Goals: Ensure lasting peace Right to choose government League of Nations – International body of representatives from each country with the purpose of maintaining peace 1. Why did the US not want to join the League of Nations?

96. League of Nations Formed United States didn’t join –Congress feared it would drag us into another war –Weakened the power of the League of Nations –No power to enforce its decisions –One of the causes of WWII

97. Treaty of Versailles Germany got a R.A.W. Deal R.eparations – payments to victors for war damages ($33B) Took Germany’s colonies Austria Hungary is forced to separate and several countries including Yugoslavia are created R. A. W.

98. Germany got a R.A.W. Deal Armaments-A.llied Punishments – Germany is forced to limit the size of its army –Germany is forced to give military equipment to the Allies –Germany can’t have military equipment near the French border –Took Rhineland (buffer zone) –Germany and A-H collapse –European powers weakened because of financial loses, death, destruction of cities and their infrastructure

99. Germany got a R.A.W. Deal War Guilt Germany alone were forced to admit that they were guilty for starting WWI Left them humiliated with a desire for revenge

100. Map of Europe Re-drawn Yugoslavia – Serbia, Bosnia, Hertzegovenia Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia Created by the Congress Of Vienna - created nationalistic feelings Use the maps below to answer the questions on the last page. Cite specific examples to support your answers

101. Which of the following defines Militarism? 1. Building up armed forces getting ready for war 2.Glorification of the military 3.Increase in military spending 4.More input by military leaders in the government 5.All of the Above

102. Which of the following defines an alliance? 1.Any partnership with another country 2.An agreement to help defend another country in the event of war 3.The building up of a countries army 4.Extreme pride in one’s country

103. Which of the following was not a cause of WWI? 1.Nationalism 2.Militarism 3.Communism 4.Imperialism

104. What was the Powder Keg of Europe? 1.A bomb that killed the Archduke of Austria 2.The Balkan Peninsula 3.The weapons used in WWI 4.The Alliance System that existed before WWI

105. Which of the following countries were in the Triple Entente? 1.Russia, Great Britain, France 2.Russia, Austria- Hungary, Germany 3.Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy 4.Russia, Great Britain, Italy

106. Which of the following countries were part of the Triple Alliance? 1.Russia, Great Britain, France 2.Russia, Austria- Hungary, Germany 3.Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy 4.Russia, Great Britain, Italy