1. Chapter 4: Kinesiology and Biomechanics

2. Introduction Anatomical terminology Kinesiology Body system conditions
Biomechanics

3. Anatomical Terminology
Kinesiology
Study of human movement
Biomechanics
Study of effect of internal and external factors on movement of living creatures
Body mechanics
Efficient and effective use of body while performing massage

4. Anatomical Terminology—(cont.)
Anatomical position
Standing
Feet shoulder-width apart
Arms at sides
Palms facing forward
Used as reference when describing locations of body structures

5. Planes of Division

6. Directional Terms Term Definition Example Anterior Front side of body
Nose anterior to ears
Deep
More internal, deeper into body
Lungs deep to ribs
Distal
Farther from attachment point
Fingers distal to elbow
Inferior
Lower or toward the feet
Xiphoid process inferior to sternal notch
Lateral
Farther away from midline
Ear lateral to eye
Medial
Closer to midline
Eye medial to ear
Posterior
Back side of the body
Spine posterior to sternum
Proximal
Closer to attachment point
Knee proximal to ankle
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the skin
Skin superficial to muscle
Superior
Higher or toward the head
Nose superior to navel

7. Directional Terms

8. Anterior Body Regions

9. Posterior Body Regions

10. Kinesiology Arthrology (study of joints) Joint
Mechanical structure where neighboring bones are connected with connective tissue and cartilage
Passive structure that allows movement to occur
Provides stability and shock absorption

11. Kinesiology—(cont.) Types of joints (by amount of movement allowed)
Synarthrotic
Nearly immovable, fibrous (skull sutures)
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly movable, cartilaginous (pubis symphysis, between vertebrae)
Diarthrotic (synovial)
Freely movable, joint capsule with synovial fluid (shoulder, hip, knee, elbow)

12. Kinesiology—(cont.) Components of diarthrotic (synovial) joints
Articular cartilage
Bursae
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Ligaments
Synovial membrane

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Type of Joint
Characteristics
Location
Ball-and-socket
Allows movement in all directions
Shoulder and hip joints
Condyloid
Allows movement in two planes
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Gliding
Bones slide past each other (side to side)
Between carpals, between tarsals
Hinge
Allows movement in one plane
Elbow and knee joints
Pivot
Allows rotational movement
Between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis), between radius and ulna
Saddle
Allows movement in many directions
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

14. Kinesiology—(cont.) Range of motion (ROM)
Amount of movement that occurs at a joint
Normal ROM: distance and direction a joint can sustain without damage to surrounding tissues
Active ROM: client actively moves own joint
Passive ROM: therapist moves client’s joint
Resisted ROM: client moves joint while therapist resists

15. Myology: The Study of Muscles
Skeletal muscle contraction
Nerve supply to muscles
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses
Neuromuscular junction
Energy requirements (ATP)
Direct phosphorylation
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration
Proprioceptors

16. Mechanisms for Generating ATP

17. Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Types of muscle fibers
Slow-twitch
Smaller, red, aerobic
Slow to contract, less powerful, long duration
Fast-twitch
Anaerobic
Contract quickly and powerfully in short bursts
Type IIa: pink and slightly larger than slow-twitch fibers
Type IIx: white (no blood supply) and largest fibers

18. Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Skeletal muscle activity
Static contractions (isometric)
Dynamic contractions
Concentric
Eccentric
Extreme conditions
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Tetany

19. Types of Contractions

20. Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Muscle movement and coordination
Prime movers
Synergists
Fixators (stabilizers or supporters)
Antagonists
Effects of exercise on muscles
Effects of stretching on muscles

21. Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Body movements
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Horizontal abduction/adduction
Lateral flexion left/right
Lateral/medial rotation
Upward/downward rotation
Circumduction
Opposition
Lateral deviation
Plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion
Inversion/eversion
Elevation/depression
Protraction/retraction
Pronation/supination
Inhalation/exhalation

22. Biomechanics Components of good body mechanics
Efficient structural alignment
Leaning
Lifting
Symmetric stance
Asymmetric stance
Ergonomics
Equipment
Workspace design

23. Symmetric Stance

24. Asymmetric Stance

25. Sitting on a Chair to Conserve Energy

26. Body Awareness Am I using my whole body?
Is there a straight line formed by my head, hips, and back foot?
Are my hips and front foot facing my work?
Are my wrists, hands, and shoulders relaxed?
Are any of my joints hyperextended?
Am I breathing?
Does my body hurt anywhere?

27. Improper Body Mechanics
Body areas prone to injury
Neck and shoulders
Wrist and hands
Back
Knees
Ankles and feet

28. Improper Body Mechanics—(cont.)
Injury prevention: stretching before and between sessions
Breathe deeply.
Relax.
Stretch slowly to avoid the stretch reflex.
Hold the stretch for at least 10 seconds to trigger the tendon reflex, which comfortably enhances the stretch.

29. Improper Body Mechanics—(cont.)
Injury prevention: general guidelines
Consistently use all components of good body mechanics.
Rest body and hands by scheduling clients 15 minutes apart.
Stretch before and after massage sessions.
Use proper table height.
Make sure you have plenty of room to move around table.
Use a variety of techniques in your massage session.
Be cautious with applications of sustained pressure.
Increase physical fitness and endurance; get sleep and rest.

30. Summary Learn body mechanics in the classroom from your instructor.
Practice concepts of body mechanics outside the classroom.
Adopt working stances that minimize stress on your body.
Practice body awareness to find proper stances.