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Chapter 4: Kinesiology and Biomechanics
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Introduction Anatomical terminology Kinesiology Body system conditions
Biomechanics
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Anatomical Terminology
Kinesiology Study of human movement Biomechanics Study of effect of internal and external factors on movement of living creatures Body mechanics Efficient and effective use of body while performing massage
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Anatomical Terminology—(cont.)
Anatomical position Standing Feet shoulder-width apart Arms at sides Palms facing forward Used as reference when describing locations of body structures
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Planes of Division
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Directional Terms Term Definition Example Anterior Front side of body
Nose anterior to ears Deep More internal, deeper into body Lungs deep to ribs Distal Farther from attachment point Fingers distal to elbow Inferior Lower or toward the feet Xiphoid process inferior to sternal notch Lateral Farther away from midline Ear lateral to eye Medial Closer to midline Eye medial to ear Posterior Back side of the body Spine posterior to sternum Proximal Closer to attachment point Knee proximal to ankle Superficial Closer to the surface of the skin Skin superficial to muscle Superior Higher or toward the head Nose superior to navel
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Directional Terms
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Anterior Body Regions
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Posterior Body Regions
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Kinesiology Arthrology (study of joints) Joint
Mechanical structure where neighboring bones are connected with connective tissue and cartilage Passive structure that allows movement to occur Provides stability and shock absorption
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Kinesiology—(cont.) Types of joints (by amount of movement allowed)
Synarthrotic Nearly immovable, fibrous (skull sutures) Amphiarthrotic Slightly movable, cartilaginous (pubis symphysis, between vertebrae) Diarthrotic (synovial) Freely movable, joint capsule with synovial fluid (shoulder, hip, knee, elbow)
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Kinesiology—(cont.) Components of diarthrotic (synovial) joints
Articular cartilage Bursae Joint capsule Joint cavity Ligaments Synovial membrane
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Types of Synovial Joints
Type of Joint Characteristics Location Ball-and-socket Allows movement in all directions Shoulder and hip joints Condyloid Allows movement in two planes Metacarpophalangeal joints Gliding Bones slide past each other (side to side) Between carpals, between tarsals Hinge Allows movement in one plane Elbow and knee joints Pivot Allows rotational movement Between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis), between radius and ulna Saddle Allows movement in many directions Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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Kinesiology—(cont.) Range of motion (ROM)
Amount of movement that occurs at a joint Normal ROM: distance and direction a joint can sustain without damage to surrounding tissues Active ROM: client actively moves own joint Passive ROM: therapist moves client’s joint Resisted ROM: client moves joint while therapist resists
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Myology: The Study of Muscles
Skeletal muscle contraction Nerve supply to muscles Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses Neuromuscular junction Energy requirements (ATP) Direct phosphorylation Anaerobic cellular respiration Aerobic cellular respiration Proprioceptors
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Mechanisms for Generating ATP
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Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Types of muscle fibers Slow-twitch Smaller, red, aerobic Slow to contract, less powerful, long duration Fast-twitch Anaerobic Contract quickly and powerfully in short bursts Type IIa: pink and slightly larger than slow-twitch fibers Type IIx: white (no blood supply) and largest fibers
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Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Skeletal muscle activity Static contractions (isometric) Dynamic contractions Concentric Eccentric Extreme conditions Atrophy Hypertrophy Tetany
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Types of Contractions
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Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Muscle movement and coordination Prime movers Synergists Fixators (stabilizers or supporters) Antagonists Effects of exercise on muscles Effects of stretching on muscles
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Myology: The Study of Muscles—(cont.)
Body movements Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Horizontal abduction/adduction Lateral flexion left/right Lateral/medial rotation Upward/downward rotation Circumduction Opposition Lateral deviation Plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion Inversion/eversion Elevation/depression Protraction/retraction Pronation/supination Inhalation/exhalation
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Biomechanics Components of good body mechanics
Efficient structural alignment Leaning Lifting Symmetric stance Asymmetric stance Ergonomics Equipment Workspace design
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Symmetric Stance
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Asymmetric Stance
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Sitting on a Chair to Conserve Energy
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Body Awareness Am I using my whole body?
Is there a straight line formed by my head, hips, and back foot? Are my hips and front foot facing my work? Are my wrists, hands, and shoulders relaxed? Are any of my joints hyperextended? Am I breathing? Does my body hurt anywhere?
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Improper Body Mechanics
Body areas prone to injury Neck and shoulders Wrist and hands Back Knees Ankles and feet
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Improper Body Mechanics—(cont.)
Injury prevention: stretching before and between sessions Breathe deeply. Relax. Stretch slowly to avoid the stretch reflex. Hold the stretch for at least 10 seconds to trigger the tendon reflex, which comfortably enhances the stretch.
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Improper Body Mechanics—(cont.)
Injury prevention: general guidelines Consistently use all components of good body mechanics. Rest body and hands by scheduling clients 15 minutes apart. Stretch before and after massage sessions. Use proper table height. Make sure you have plenty of room to move around table. Use a variety of techniques in your massage session. Be cautious with applications of sustained pressure. Increase physical fitness and endurance; get sleep and rest.
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Summary Learn body mechanics in the classroom from your instructor.
Practice concepts of body mechanics outside the classroom. Adopt working stances that minimize stress on your body. Practice body awareness to find proper stances.
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