1. Executive Branch “The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected” Article II, Section 1

2. Constitutional Requirements to be President
SSCG13 The student will describe the qualifications for becoming President of the U.S.
Explain the written qualifications for President of the United States.
Describe unwritten qualifications common to past presidents.
Constitutional Requirements to be President
Natural born Citizen
35 years old
Resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years
*The Vice President’s qualifications are the same as the President with the exception that he/she can not have their primary residence in the same state as the President.

3. Informal Presidential Qualifications
College Educated
Military Experience
Prior government experience
Most have been white, male, protestants with families

4. What voters want…. The impossible dream!
Cooperation w/Congress
Peacekeeper
Ability to solve economic problems
Someone with good character, judgment, and humor
A sense of purpose
Tough, decisive, competent, effective & fair
A leader with initiative

5. Electing a President

6. How is the President Elected?
National Convention
Delegates choose the nominee of each major party – with conventions held in the summer of election year
Presidential Primaries
In states with primaries, party voters select some or all delegates to national convention and/or express preference for party’s nomination
State Conventions
Party voters select some or all of the delegates to the national convention
Candidates must take two paths to win their party’s nomination: (1) Either through primaries or (2) party state conventions
Local Caucuses
Party voters in local meetings choose delegates to state conventions

7. How is the President Elected?
Electoral College
Presidential electors meet in State capitals on Monday following the second Wednesday in December to cast electoral votes needed to win.
Election Day
Voters cast their ballots on Tuesday following the first Monday in November. Voters actually choose presidential electors.
Democrat Nominee
Republican Nominee
Third Party Candidates

8. How does the Electoral College Work?
Electoral votes are determined by total number of senators and representatives in each state
Largest state – California, has 55 electoral votes
Example
Michigan has 2 senators and 14 representatives – total electoral votes are 16
Electors are party loyalists that are chosen by the state parties
Voters elect the slate of electors on Election Day. For Michigan: 16 Republicans or 16 Democrats, depending on majority vote.
23rd Amendment allows for 3 electoral votes for Wash. DC
Majority of Electors: 270 of 538 is necessary to win.

9. Inauguration of the President
Term of Office:
Four Years
Inauguration:
January 20th

10. 12th Amendment
Cleans up the voting “mess” that was the 1800 election (Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral college voting).
Electors vote twice, once for President, once for V.P.
Restricts House, in the event the election is “tossed” to them, to vote for top three vote-getters
Electors must vote for at least one (Pres./V-Pres.) from a different State (why Dick Cheney, a Texan, registered to vote in Wyoming!)
Requires that Vice-Presidential candidates meet same requirements as Presidential candidates
Twelfth amendment requires the electoral college conduct two separate votes.
The first is for President.
The Second is for Vice President

11. 20th Amendment “Lame Duck” Amendment
Moves inauguration to January 20th from original March date
Congressional start date moved to January in same amendment
Length of time for a sitting president who is not re-elected is reduced
Goal: prevent inactivity or hasty decisions on way out of office

12. Presidential Term Limits
Washington began the tradition of serving only two terms, but it was really unlimited until the 22nd Amendment, which gave two rules:
No one can be elected as President more than twice.
No one that serves more than two years of another President’s term can be elected more than once.

13. Benefits of the Presidency
1. Salary: $400,000 per year (beginning in 2001)
2. Perks:
White House w/staff of 100+
Doctors and Health Care
Expense Account of $50,000
Air Force One and a fleet of jets and helicopters
Camp David – vacation spot in Maryland
Pension, Retirement, and Secret Service for 10 years after they leave office

14. Benefits of the Presidency
White House
132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, 28 fireplaces, 8 staircases, 3 elevators and 6 levels in the Residence
Entertainment
Movie theater, bowling lanes, putting green
Pension Plan
$166,700 a year
free mailing privileges for nonpolitical correspondence, free office space, $96,000 a year for office help, and, during the first thirty months after their term of office has ended, up to $150,000 for staff assistance.
Secret Service protection for 10 years for Pres & First Lady (children until they are 16)

15. Air Force One
The White House
Camp David
Marine One

16. Vice Presidential Roles
President in Waiting
Acting President of the Senate and can vote in order to break a tie.
Power over presidential disability as stated in the 25th Amendment.
Chairs Commissions, meets foreign dignitaries, and advises the President.
All other responsibilities come from the President.

17. The Vice President

18. Provisions of the Vice President
Salary $230,700 per year
Lives in House on Observatory Hill
Located in the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.
Home to the Vice President since 1974

19. 25th Amendment Procedures dealing with Presidential Disability
Vice President becomes President if the President resigns, is removed or dies.
If there is a vacancy in the Vice Presidency, then the President appoints a new V.P. and both houses of Congress must approve him.
The Vice President becomes acting President if the President is unable to serve temporarily.
The President becomes acting President as soon as he declares himself fit, unless the Vice President, a majority of the Cabinet and 2/3 of the Congress declare him still unfit. Then the Vice President will remain the acting President until it is determined that the President is fit.

20. Presidential Succession Act
Following World War II, a new Presidential Succession Act of 1947 was passed
Placed the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate behind the vice president
The line of succession then extended to the executive department heads in the order in which their agencies were created.

21. Presidential Succession
John Boehner, Speaker
Patrick Leahy, Pres Pro-Tempore
John Kerry, State
Jack Lew, Treasury
Chuck Hagel, Defense
Eric Holder, US Attorney General, Dept of Justice

22. Did you know? One Cabinet member stays out of State of the Union Address…
Energy
Agriculture
2011 – Interior
2010 – HUD (& State)
Justice
2008 – Energy
2007 – Justice
2006 – Veteran’s Affairs
2005 – Commerce
2004 – Commerce
2003 – Justice & Transportation
2002 – Interior
2001 – Veteran’s Affairs
2000 – Energy
1999 – HUD
Commerce
1997 – Agriculture
1996 – HHS
1995 – Transportation
1994 – Agriculture
1993 – Interior
1992 – Agriculture
1991 – Interior
1990 – Veteran’s Affairs
1989 – None
1988 – Interior
1987 – Agriculture
1986 – Agriculture

23. Original Intent: The Formal Powers
Executive with limited power
Enforce the laws of Congress
Handle foreign policy
Be chief executive and head of state
Broadly defined constitutional powers for flexibility (has resulted in expanded power)
Commander in Chief
Grant pardons & reprieves
Report on State of the Union

24. Informal Powers Morale builder Party leader Legislative leader
Coalition builder
Crisis manager
Personnel recruiter
World leader
Budget setter
Agenda/policy setter
Conflict resolver
Persuader and policy communicator

25. Roles of the President
SSCG12 The student will analyze the various roles played by the President of the United States; include Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, chief executive, chief agenda setter, representative of the nation, chief of state, foreign policy leader, and party leader.

26. Chief Executive Enforce the law Head the bureaucracy
Appoint federal officials
Negotiate treaties
Grant pardons, reprieves and amnesty

27. Chief of State Representative of nation Symbol of America
Host to distinguished delegates and visitors

28. Chief of the Economy Guard the Economy Prevent depressions
Balance budget

29. Commander in Chief Civilian control of the military
Assignment of troops with war declaration
from Congress
Sending troops without formal
war declaration
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
War Powers Act 1974

30. Party Leader Shape party platform Campaign for party
Mobilize public opinion

31. Chief Legislator/Agenda Setter
State of the Union Address
Recommend legislation
Present the budget
Veto power

32. Chief Diplomat Treaty making with Senate approval
Establish diplomatic relations
Executive agreements

33. Presidential Powers
SSCG4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the organization and powers of the national government.

34. Executive Powers Commander in Chief
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – while troops are in conflict, the President can take any action to protect the troops short of declaring war.
War Powers Act – President cannot send troops out unless:
Congress declares War
A law authorizes the action
National Emergency: but the President must follow 2 rules:
Notify Congress within 48 hours
Cannot keep troops abroad for more than 60 days without Congressional Approval.

35. Executive Powers Enforces Laws
Executive Agreement – agreements Presidents make on behalf of the U.S. with foreign countries that do not require Senate approval.
Treaty – agreements Presidents make on behalf of the U.S. with foreign countries that require Senate approval.

36. Executive Powers
Power of Appointment – appoints federal officials along with judges and Supreme Court justices.
Power of Removal – can remove federal officials but not judges or justices.
Executive Privilege – the right to withhold information from Congress and the Courts

37. Legislative Powers Recommend Legislation 3 formal messages:
State of the Union Address
Economic Report
Budget Message
Approve Legislation – signs bill into law

38. Legislative Powers The Veto Power – forbid legislation
The Pocket Veto – to sit on the bill for ten days without signing it and it is a law. However, if Congress adjourns within ten days then it cannot be overridden.
To call Special Sessions of Congress

39. **These do not work in cases of impeachment or in state crimes
Judicial Powers
Appoint Judges and Justices to the Supreme Court
*Reprieves – delay carrying out of punishments in federal crimes
*Pardons – release from punishment in federal crimes by absolute or conditional
*Amnesty – blanket pardon given to groups of people
**These do not work in cases of impeachment or in state crimes

40. Responsibilities of the President

41. Economic Policy Fight inflation Keep taxes low Promote economic growth
Chief Advisors
Sec of Treasury
Director of OMB
Ex-officio Chair of FED
Janet Yellen
FED is key to interest rates and growth of economy
FED is independent regulatory agency
Members have staggered terms beyond the president’s term
FED can’t be fired for policy decisions
Fight inflation
Keep taxes low
Promote economic growth
Prevent recession
Create jobs

42. National Security In a national emergency:
planning, command, unity falls to National Security Council
Diplomacy and the military are used as instruments of foreign policy
Congress must appropriate and authorize funding for treaties and war

43. Party Leadership Informal head of party
Rarely have control on state and local politicians
Can’t control party members in Congress b/c of constituents

44. Legislative & Coalition Builder
Send messages to Congress on policy and agenda
Visit the Hill to “twist arms”
Acts as politician
Conflict manager,
negotiator, bargainer,
reconciler, coalition
builder, persuader

45. Relationship w/Congress
Appointments which require Senate confirmation
Federal judges, SC justices, Ambassadors, Dept. Secretaries, US Attorney
Negotiate treaties
Binding only w/agreements of 2/3 of Senate
Exec Agreement – b/t head of countries; are as binding as treaties

46. Budgeting Way to control bureaucracy
Increases/decreases based on policy
Budget requests must go through OMB from all departments and agencies before going to Congress
OMB writes the budget submitted to Congress

47. Impoundment & Recissions
Refusal of president to spend funds appropriated by Congress.
Budget Reform Act of 1974 requires notification of Congress
Congress has 45 days to delete item or pass resolution demanding release
Recission
Recommendation of president to cut part of appropriations bills

48. Prime Time President Press conferences Speeches from Oval Office
Radio messages
First 100 days is the “honeymoon period”
The longer they stay in office, the less popular they become...interest groups grow impatient, unkept promises, blamed for problems left by previous president

49. President & the Press Press sees itself as the protector of democracy
Filtering – Press interpretation of what is said and what it means
Spin Doctors – put twists on what was said and done
President can “leak” info to test reaction (trial balloons) to new policy

50. Presidential Style and Character

51. Presidential Style and Character by James David Barber
Active-long hours, new direction, strong leadership, innovative policies
Passive-less time and energy, let Congress take control
Positive-enjoy the power, like the challenge of the office
Negative-sense of duty to serve, try to prove themselves

52. Positive
Negative
       
Active        
ADAPTIVE: self-confident; flexible; creates opportunities for action; enjoys the exercise of power, does not take himself too seriously; optimistic; emphasizes the "rational mastery" of his environment; power used as a means to achieve beneficial results.
Thomas Jefferson,  F. D. Roosevelt,  H. Truman,  J. F. Kennedy,  G. Ford,  G. W. Bush(?)
COMPULSIVE: power as a means to self-realization; expends great energy on tasks but derives little joy; preoccupied with whether he is failing or succeeding; low self-esteem; inclined to rigidity and pessimism; highly driven; problem managing aggression.  
John Adams,  W. Wilson, H. Hoover,  A. Lincoln, L. B. Johnson, R. Nixon
   
Passive
COMPLIANT: seek to be loved; easily manipulated; low self-esteem is overcome by ingratiating personality; reacts rather than initiates; superficially optimistic.
James Madison,  W. H. Taft,  W. Harding,  R. Reagan, Bill Clinton
WITHDRAWN: responds to a sense of duty; avoid power; low self-esteem compensated by service to others; responds rather than initiates; avoids conflict and uncertainty. emphasizes principles and procedures and an aversion to politicking.
George Washington,  C. Coolidge,  D. Eisenhower   

53. Management Style Circular Pyramid
Everyone with equal access to the president
Pyramid
Hierarchy with information to president coming from bottom up

54. An Imperial Presidency?
ARGUMENT:
Individual actions taken by past presidents have enlarged the power of the presidency by expanding responsibility and political resources.
Proof?
Emergency Powers
Growing staff
Growing bureaucracy
Increase in media coverage
Executive Agreements
Impoundment Power
Pocket Veto
Executive Privilege

55. Presidential Impeachment
SSCG14 The student will explain the impeachment process and its usage for elected officials.
Explain the impeachment process as defined in the U.S. Constitution.
Describe the impeachment proceedings of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton.

56. Why Impeach? High Crimes and Misdemeanors Malfeasance (an illegal act)
Misfeasance (an illegal act which could have otherwise been done legally)
Standards: acts against state or constitution
The definition of an impeachable offense is left to the House

57. Impeachment
Presidents can be removed for "high crimes and misdemeanors"
House Judiciary Committee investigates to determine if there has been an offense (A majority vote is needed in committee to send charges to House)
Simple majority in full house impeaches the official
Senate holds trial to determine whether or not to remove official from office
Chief Justice of Supreme Court presides and a 2/3 vote of the Senate is needed

58. Bill Clinton – December 1998
Andrew Johnson – May 1868
Violating Tenure of Office Act (putting in new Secretary of War)
Saved by a single vote in the Senate, remained in office
Bill Clinton – December 1998
Perjury - Votes 55 to 45
Obstruction of Justice 50-50
Acquitted and remained in office

59. Presidential Appointments

60. Presidential Appointments: Why choose?
Reward for political help
Claims of inclusiveness
Fence mending
Ideology or philosophy
Comfort level
Ability and notoriety
gets legitimacy for your policy
Coalition building w/interest groups
Administration of presidential policy goals

61. Supreme Court Appointments
Appointments have become increasingly bitter fights over judicial temperament and philosophy
Major issues include
Abortion/choice/privacy
Affirmative action
Separation of church and state
States rights
Judicial activism/restraint

62. Appointments to the court are…..
Reward for political help
Statements of policy priorities
Promotion of philosophy and ideology
Relation builders with Congress
Legacy creators

63. The current court Conservatives
Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Scalia, Alito
Liberals -Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan

64. Presidential Trivia

65. Presidential Firsts Father and Son John Adams and John Quincy Adams
George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush

66. Presidential Firsts Youngest Oldest Elected – John F. Kennedy (43)
Served – Theodore Roosevelt (42)
Oldest
Ronald Reagan (age 69 & 73)

67. Presidential Firsts Shortest/Longest Terms William H. Harrison
(1840; 1 month)
Franklin Roosevelt
( ; 4 terms)

68. Presidential Firsts Assassinated in Office Abraham Lincoln 1865
James Garfield 1882
William McKinley 1901
John F. Kennedy 1963

69. The American President
“I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States”

70. Inside the Executive Branch
SSCG15 The student will explain the functions of the departments and agencies of the federal bureaucracy.
Compare and contrast the organization and responsibilities of independent regulatory agencies, government corporations, and executive agencies.
Explain the functions of the Cabinet.

71. What is the Administration?
The Administration is the White House staff, Executive Departments, and Independent Agencies that assist the President in carrying out his duties of enforcing the law.

72. What is the Administration?
The White House Staff
Handles the day-to-day activities of the President through the White House Office
The Chief of Staff heads this office
The office coordinates the President’s schedule, writes his speeches, and conducts the business of the President, etc.
Includes the White House Counsel, Political Affairs Office, Presidential Advance team
Denis McDonough,
Chief of Staff for Obama

73. What is the Administration?
The Executive Office of the President
Provides the President with expert analysts…
The National Security Council provides military advice
The Council of Economic Advisors provides economic advice
Office of Management and Budget provides budgetary advice and writes the President’s budget for the whole government

74. What is the Administration?
The Executive Office of the President
Other offices include:
Council on Environmental Quality
Domestic Policy Council
National Economic Council
Office of Administration
Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
Office of Homeland Security
Office of National AIDS Policy
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Office of Science & Technology Policy
Office of the United States Trade Representative
President's Critical Infrastructure Protection Board
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
USA Freedom Corps
White House Military Office

75. What is the Administration?
The Executive Office of the President
All in all, the EOP employs over 2,000 staffers that work for the President alone.
Some of the senior level advisors have offices in the West Wing.
Most, however, are housed in the Old Executive Office Building, next to the White House.

76. Executive Departments & Agencies
The Executive Departments implement the policies of the President and enforce the laws
There are a total of 15 Executive Departments
The heads of the Departments are called Secretaries, except for the Justice Department which is headed by the Attorney General
The heads are known as the President’s Cabinet
The Bureaucracy is made up of non-elected officials that work for the government in these departments

77. Department of Homeland Security

78. President Obama’s Cabinet (July 2012)

79. Regulatory Agencies Regulates a sector of the economy or government
Regulations protect the public
EXAMPLES:
FRB (Federal Reserve Board - banks)
FCC (Federal Communications Commission - broadcast media)
OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administrations - workplace)
FDA (Food & Drug Administration - food producers & pharmaceuticals)

80. Government Corporations
Provide goods or services that could be offered by a private company
Typically provide the services at a cheaper rate than a private corporation could
EXAMPLES:
Tennessee Valley Authority (power/electricity)
Postal Service (mail services)
Amtrak (railroad transportation)

81. Bureaucracy
AP Government

82. Bureaucracy
Large, complex organization of appointed, not elected, officials
The bureaucracy was set up to accomplish policy goals
People are hired because of skills that they have to implement policy goals.

83. Max Weber Defined the prototype bureaucracy Characteristics:
Hierarchical authority structure – bottom up leadership
Task specialization – experts in field
Rules – similar procedures for similar situations
Merit principles – entrance and promotion based on ability
Impersonality – treat clients impartially

84. Bureaucracy: The Big Joke
RED TAPE
Parkinson’s Law – work and personnel will expand to consume available resources
Peter Principle – personnel are promoted to their highest level of incompetence

85. Did you know?
The bureaucracy began in 1789 with the creation of the Dept. of State
Most federal employees work for only a few agencies
About 55% work for the Department of Defense and Postal Service
Only about 10% work in D.C.
2.8 million civilian employees

86. Characteristics of American Federal Bureaucracy
Divided Supervision
Congress creates, organizes and disbands all agencies
Political authority is shared between Congress & executive branch
Public Scrutiny
About ½ cases in federal court involve gov’t
Regulation (not public ownership)
Gov’t regulates privately owned businesses instead of owning the businesses as a gov’t

87. Civil Service Originally a patronage (spoils) system
Changed as a result of the actions of a disappointed office seeker who shot and killed Garfield in 1881 because he wouldn’t give him a job

88. Civil Service
Pendleton Act in 1883 promotes hiring based on merit and nonpartisan government service
Now use entrance exams for job placement and promotions

89. Civil Service
Hatch Act of 1939 prevents workers from active participation in partisan politics
Can’t: run for office, be involved in campaigns, make political speeches, disseminate political info
Can: vote, make campaign contributions, join parties, participate in non-partisan campaigns

90. Civil Service Hatch Act amended in 1993
Civil servants can engage in political activities as long as
they are off duty
do not run for office
don’t work in sensitive government areas

92. Appointments
Appointments are often characterized by transience – few more than 2 years
When a new administration takes office, Congress publishes the plum book which lists the top federal jobs available for appointment. About 400 top positions.
President then searches based on talent, political skills, policy expertise, demographic balance and campaign support.

93. Four Types of Bureaucratic Agencies
Cabinet
Regulatory Agencies
Government Corporations
Independent Agencies

94. Cabinet 15 departments Secretary is the head of department
Chosen by president and approved by Senate
Each has their own policy areas and budgets
Can be fired at president’s will
Secretary, Undersecretary, bureaus, agency commissions

95. Regulatory Agencies
Regulates a sector of the economy to protect the public interest
QUASI – LEGISLATIVE because it makes rules
QUASI – JUDICIAL because it settles claims
FRB, FCC, FTC, OSHA, FDA, SEC

96. Regulatory Agencies Governed by a small commission
members are appointed by the president
confirmed by the Senate
staggered terms
fixed terms that extend past President’s term
neither party may have a majority on a board or commission

97. Government Corporations
Provide services for a fee that could be handled by the private sector and generally charge cheaper rates
TVA, Postal Service, Amtrak, Public Broadcasting Corporation

98. Independent Agencies
Exist outside the structure of the Cabinet departments and perform services for the government and the public that are often too costly for the private sector
Appointed by President and serve at his will
NASA, NSF (National Science Foundation), GSA (General Services Administration), FEC (Federal Election Commission), Civil Rights Commission

99. Functions of the Bureaucracy

100. What role do bureaucrats play?
Communicate with each other
Maintain paper for accountability
Interpret the law
Implement the objectives of the organization

101. Bureaucracy as Implementors
Implementation is the policymaking stage between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy.

102. Implementation Includes three elements:
Creation of a new agency or assignment of responsibility to an old one
Translation of policy into operational rules
Coordination of resources and personnel to achieve the intended goals

103. Regulation through bureaucracy
Regulation is the use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector.
Agencies must apply and enforce rules and guidelines
Can be done either in court or by administrative procedures which use either inspectors, complaints, or licensing to monitor behavior.

104. Regulation All regulation contains: A grant of power from Congress
A set of rules and guidelines
Some means of enforcing compliance

105. Executive Control on the Bureaucracy
President tries to control by:
Appointing the right people to head
Tinkering with agency budget
Issuing executive orders
Reorganizing an agency w/Congress

106. Congressional Control over the Bureaucracy
Congress tries to control by:
Influencing the appointment of dept head (Senate confirmation)
Tinkering with budget
Holding oversight hearings
Rewriting more detailed legislation
Establishing new agencies or departments