1. Chapter Seventh Edition O ut of Many A History of the American People Brief Sixth Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Industry and the North 1790s-1840s 12

2. Industry and the North 1790s-1840s The Transportation Revolution The Market Revolution The Yankee West Industrialization Begins From Artisan to Worker The New Middle Class Conclusion

3. Chapter Focus Questions What were the effects of the transportation revolution? What was the market revolution? What did industrialization affect workers in early factories? How did the market revolution change the lives of ordinary people? What were the values of the new middle class?

4. North America and Lowell

5. Women Factory Workers Form a Community in Lowell, Massachusetts Young women from New England farms worked in the Lowell textile mills. Initially, the women found the work a welcome change from farm routine, but later conflict arose with their employers. By the 1830s, mill owners cut wages and ended their paternalistic practices.

6. Women Factory Workers Form a Community in Lowell, Massachusetts The result was strikes and the replacement of the young women with more manageable Irish immigrants. The Market Revolution changed the way people worked and increased differences between North and South.

7. The Transportation Revolution

8. The Erie Canal

9. The Transportation Revolution Between 1800 and 1840, the building of roads and canals, and the steamboat stimulated the transportation revolution that:  encouraged growth;  promoted the mobility of people and goods; and  fostered the growing commercial spirit.

10. The Transportation Revolution (cont'd) By 1840 it was easier for people to move from one locale to the other.

11. Roads Federal Government funds the National Road in 1808—at the time the single greatest federal transportation expense The National Road tied the East and West together providing strong evidence of the nation’s commitment to expansion and cohesion

12. MAP 12.1 Travel Times, 1800 and 1857

13. Canals and Steamboats Canals:  Water transport was quicker and less expensive than travel by land.  The Erie Canal stimulated east-west travel and was built with New York state funds. The canal connected Buffalo on Lake Erie with Albany along the Hudson River. Constructing the canal was a vast engineering challenge and required a massive labor force, many of whom were contract laborers from Ireland.

14. Canals and Steamboats (cont’d) Canals:  The canal helped farmers in the West became part of a national market.  Towns along the canal grew rapidly.  A canal boom followed.

15. Canals and Steamboats (cont’d) Steamboats:  made upstream travel viable;  helped to stimulate trade along western rivers; and  turned frontier outposts like Cincinnati into commercial centers.

16. Railroads The most remarkable innovation was the railroad. The first American railroads were built in the 1830s Railroad construction increased demand for iron and forced manufacturers to modernize Technical problems included the absence of a standard gauge.

17. Railroads (cont'd) By the 1850s consolidation of rail lines facilitated standardization.

18. The Express Train

19. Effects of the Transportation Revolution The transportation revolution:  provided Americans much greater mobility;  linked Americans beyond the local communities;  Made a Market Revolution possible and;  fostered a risk-taking mentality that promoted invention and innovation.

20. MAP 12.2 Commercial Links: Rivers, Canals, Roads, 1830, and Rail Lines, 1850

21. Industrialization and Rural Life

22. The Market Revolution

23. A woman at a spinning wheel.

24. The Market Revolution The market revolution was caused by rapid improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization. Power driven machinery produced goods and replaced hand made products.

25. The Accumulation of Capital Business community mainly merchants of great wealth Merchants invested in local enterprises supplemented by banks and the government. Southern cotton produced by slaves bankrolled industrialization.

26. The Accumulation of Capital (cont'd) Northern bankers and markets dominated the economy and promoted economic nationalism.

27. The Putting-Out System In the early 19th century merchants “put out” raw goods for processing in homes. Despite industrial growth, the system persisted into the 1830s In the case of shoe-making artisans:  journeymen cut the leather  wives and daughters bound the upper parts together  the men stitched the shoe together

28. The Putting-Out System (cont'd) As demand grew, merchants like Micajah Pratt built central workshops and brought workers into Lynn, Massachusetts. Pratt modified the putting-out system providing greater control over the workforce and the flexibility to respond to changing economic conditions.

29. The Putting-Out System (cont'd) The putting-out system and the central workshops caused the decline of the artisan shop.

30. The Spread of Commercial Markets As more workers became part of the putting-out system  wages for piecework replaced bartering.  families bought mass-produced goods rather than making them at home. Commercialization did not happen immediately or in the same way across the nation.

31. The Yankee West

32. This advertisement contrasts farmers harvesting traditionally with a sickle compared to the speed of the mechanized McCormick reaper.

33. New Routes West Between 1830 and 1850 the population of the Old Northwest almost quadrupled. The National Road and Erie Canal both facilitated movement from the Northeast to the Midwest. Southern migrants moved to the Old Southwest.

34. New Routes West (cont'd) In both Northwest and Southwest, migrants brought cultures and customs with them.

35. Commercial Agriculture in the Old Northwest The transportation revolution helped farmers sell in previously unreachable markets. Government policy encouraged commercial agriculture by keeping land cheap.

36. Commercial Agriculture in the Old Northwest (cont'd) Regional specialization enabled farmers to concentrate on growing a single crop, but made them dependent on distant markets and credit.

37. Commercial Agriculture in the Old Northwest (cont'd) Innovations in farm tools greatly increased productivity. By the 1850s the Northwest was the nation’s agricultural heartland.

38. MAP 12.3A AND 12.3B Commercial Links:The Old Northwest, 1830, 1860

39. Transportation Changes Affect Western Cities Railroads and the Erie Canal dramatically changed the local economies. The transportation changes linked the Northwest with the Northeast. Railroad links made Chicago a major east- west hub. The loser in the economic redistribution was New Orleans.

40. Industrialization Begins

41. British Technology and American Industrialization The Industrial Revolution began in the British textile industry and created deplorable conditions. Samuel Slater slipped out of England bringing plans for a cotton-spinning factory. He built a mill that followed British custom by hiring women and children.

42. British Technology and American Industrialization (cont'd) New England was soon dotted with factories along its rivers.

43. Slater Mill, the first cotton textile factory in the United States

44. The Lowell Mills Francis C. Lowell studied the British spinning machine. Lowell helped invent a power loom and built the first integrated cotton mill near Boston in 1814. The mill drove smaller competitors out of business. Lowell’s successors soon built an entire town to house the new enterprise.

45. MAP 12.4 Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832

46. Lowell, Massachusetts The town plan of Lowell shows that factory growth also led to growth of hotels, churches, municipal buildings and private homes.

47. Timetable from the Lowell Mills illustrates

48. Family Mills Lowell was unique; most mills were smaller rural mills, locally owned and run. Factories developed elaborate divisions of labor that set up a hierarchy of value and pay. Relations between the small mill communities and the local farmers were often difficult.

49. Family Mills (cont'd) Slater’s mills provided a substantial amount of work for local people. Industrial work led to new social distinctions.

50. “The American System of Manufactures” American manufacturing based on interchangeable parts  rifles developed by Eli Whitney, Simeon North, John Hall Standardization  sewing machines American thinking about democracy and equality

51. “The American System of Manufactures” (cont'd) Americans could have mass-produced copies, indistinguishable from the originals.

52. The first gun with interchangeable parts.

54. From Artisan to Worker

55. Pre-industrial Ways of Working Before Lowell, 97% of Americans still lived on farms and most work was done near or in the home. Pre-industrial labor, both urban and rural, was patriarchal and followed existing family patterns dominated by fathers and husbands. Labor organization remained informal and unrecognized.

56. Mechanization and Gender Industrialization a major threat to status, independence of skilled male workers Breakdown of the family work system harmed independent urban artisans, destroyed apprenticeship system Garment industry led many women to work, sewing ready-made clothing for piece rates.

57. Mechanization and Gender (cont'd) So poorly paid were these tasks that women might work fifteen to eighteen hours a day.

58. Illustration of seamstresses at work, from Sartain’s Union Magazine, January 1851

59. Time, Work, and Leisure Hard adjustment to demands of factory  Strict regime  Absenteeism A much more rigid separation between work and leisure developed. Leisure spots like taverns emerged, as did leisure activities like spectator sports, replacing community-wide events and casual sociability.

60. Free Labor Cash economy led to decline of barter system Pay envelope Mobility in search of better jobs “Free” laborers—able to move about to new jobs and possessing the individualistic characteristics needed for success.

61. Free Labor (cont'd) Mobility—voluntary and involuntary— made for a more individualistic and instable society.

62. Early Strikes Women at Lowell protested a wage cut with a spontaneous strike in 1834. Pressure from workers led New Hampshire, Maine and Pennsylvania to adopt “ten hour day” laws in the 1840s. Most early strikes were unsuccessful because owners were able to find new workers.

63. Early Strikes (cont'd) Labor-management tensions led to a breakdown of the pre-industrial notion of a community of interest between owners and workers.

64. The New Middle Class

65. This middle-class family group, painted in 1840, illustrates the new importance of children and of the mother–child bond.

66. Wealth and Rank The market revolution ended the natural fixed social order that previously existed. The market revolution created a social order with class mobility. The upper class stayed about the same, while the “middling sorts” grew rapidly.

67. Wealth and Rank (cont'd) The middle class also changed their attitudes by:  Entering new, “white collar” careers tied to new markets  emphasizing sobriety, steadiness and responsibility.

68. Religion and Personal Life Religion helped shape the new attitudes. The Second Great Awakening moved from the frontier to the new market towns stressing salvation through personal faith. Preachers such as Charles G. Finney urged businessmen to convert and accept the self-discipline and individualism that religion brought.

69. Religion and Personal Life (cont’d) Evangelism became the religion of the new middle class. Middle class women promoted Finney’s ideals of self-discipline and personal responsibility.

70. The New Middle-Class Family Middle-class women managed their homes and provided a safe haven for their husbands. Attitudes about appropriate male and female roles and qualities hardened. Men were seen as steady, industrious, and responsible; women as nurturing, gentle, and moral.

71. The New Middle-Class Family (cont’d) The popularity of housekeeping guides underscored the radical changes occurring in middle-class families. Middle-class couples limited their family size through birth control, abstinence, and abortion.

72. The New Middle-Class Family (cont’d) Physicians urged that sexual impulses be controlled, particularly among women whom they presumed to possess superior morality.

73. Middle-Class Children Mother one responsible for training children in self-discipline. Women formed networks and read advice magazines to help them in these tasks. Mothers made contacts that would contribute to their children’s latter development.

74. Middle-Class Children (cont'd) “Childhood” emerged as an ideal as children prolonged their education and professional training. A man’s success was very much the result of his family’s efforts.

75. Sentimentalism and Transcendentalism The competitive spirit led many Americans to turn to sentimentalism and nostalgia. Publishers found a lucrative market for novels of this genre, especially those written by women.

76. Sentimentalism and Transcendentalism (cont.) Sentimentalism became more concerned with maintaining social codes. The intellectual reassurance for middle- class morality came from writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalist writers Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller emphasized individualism and communion with nature.

77. Emerson’s romantic glorification of nature included the notion of himself as a “transparent eyeball

78. Conclusion

79. Industry and the North, 1790s–1840s Three transformation of the market revolution changed the ways people worked, lived and thought:  Improvements in transportation  Commercialization of business and markets  Industrialization.

80. Chronology