1. Copyright © by Isiorho 1 Earthquake Slides Modified from the original version by Dr. S. A. Isiorho’s presentation

2. Copyright © by Isiorho2 Earthquakes Definitions  Earthquake- the vibration of the ground due to the sudden release of energy accumulated in a deformed rock  Focus (Hypocenter)- spot underground where the rock begins to break- point at which slip initiates  Epicenter- the point on the land surface directly above the focus  Aftershock- tremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new position  Seismology- the study of earthquake

3. Focus and Epicenter of EQ Copyright © by Isiorho3

4. 4 Seismic Waves Earthquake’s energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves  Two types of seismic waves radiate from the focus:  Body waves- transmit energy through earth’s interior  Primary (P) wave- rocks vibrate parallel to direction of wave  Compression and expansion (slinky example)  Secondary (S) wave- rocks move perpendicular to wave direction  Rock shearing (rope-like or ‘wave’ in a stadium)  S wave cannot travel through liquid  Slower than P waves, but faster than surface waves  Surface waves- transmit energy along earth’s surface  Love (L) wave- Rock moves from side to side like snake

5. Specific Body Waves: Primary or “P” Wave Secondary or “S” Wave Copyright © by Isiorho5

6. 6 Locating & Measuring Earthquake  Seismometer- instruments that detect seismic waves  Seismograph- device that measures the magnitude of earthquake  Seismogram is visual record of arrival time and magnitude of shaking associated with seismic wave  Mercalli Intensity scale  Measured by the amount of damage caused in human terms- I (low) to XII (high)  Richter Scale- (logarithmic scale)  Magnitude- based on amplitude of the waves  Earthquake total energy- uses moment magnitude scale

7. Types of Seismographs Copyright © by Isiorho7

8. Seismogram Printout Copyright © by Isiorho8

9. 9 Locating Epicenter & Focus Depth (EQ classification)  Use Arrival time at a recording station (time lag between P & S waves) to locate the epicenter of an earth quake  Need three stations to determine the epicenter  Maximum Depth of Focus  Shallow focus EQ < 70 km (45 mi) most earthquakes  Intermediate focus EQ- 70-300 km (45- 180 mi)  Deep focus EQ- > 300 km (> 180 mi)

10. Triangulation of 3 stations to locate earthquake epicenter Copyright © by Isiorho10

11. Copyright © by Isiorho11 Richter Scale  Richter scale is based on a log scale, meaning that each subsequent number is ten times more in amplitude of vibration- this translates to about 30 times more energy than the previous number.  Example: an EQ of 5.0 is 10 times greater than an EQ of 4.0 on the Richter scale and is 30 times more in energy. An EQ of 5.0 is 100 times greater in amplitude than an EQ with 3.0 reading on the Richter scale

12. Copyright © by Isiorho12 Earthquake Locations  Most EQs occur in the circum pacific region  80% of shallow focus EQ; 100% of deep focus EQ  Most EQs occur along plate boundaries  Oceanic trenches, Benioff zones, Mediterranean- Himalayan  Most EQs in US occur near the west coast  San-Andreas Fault

13. Global EQ locations Copyright © by Isiorho13

14. Copyright © by Isiorho14 Effects of Earthquakes  Ground Displacement  Lateral and vertical  Landslides  Liquefaction  Conversion of formally stable fine grain materials to a fluid mass  Seiches  The back & forth movement of water in a semi-closed/closed body of water- could cause flooding  Tsunamis-  more from submarine landslide  Fire

15. Copyright © by Isiorho15 Tsunami Movement

16. Tsunami Movement: ~600 mph in deep water ~250 mph in medium depth water ~35 mph in shallow water Copyright © by Isiorho16

17. Earthquake Prediction?? How can scientists predict an earthquake? Currently, that is not possible. Future technology will monitor subsurface seismic waves and periodic shifting indicative of future slippage. Tracking organic movement is also a source of future study. Copyright © by Isiorho17