1. Energy & Information Energy & Information a holistic approach Paul Borza & Mihai Sanduleac Training School 8-10 th of March 2011 Poiana Brasov - ROMANIA

2. Background of presentation The intelligent grids also called “Smart Grids” are becoming increasingly widespread and it shows similar structural features with information systems. Not only the structural shapes are similar but also the functionalities presents similitude. Is becoming increasingly clear that the two networks (entities) need to be increasingly deeper interconnected. The increase in efficiency of large scale distributed computation systems have to be related also with the improvement of the overall power grids efficiency and have to consider the new mechanisms where kWh reduction is exchanged with CO 2 & waste generation and/or Euro per kWh reduction, through a holistic approach of information and energy use.

3. Definitions  Energy (E) Capacity to make an action in a system!  Information (I) Novelty that appeared in a system at a time!  (1942-Bertalanfi)

4. Similarities between E&I at structure level ENERGYINFORMATION GeneratorsCentral processing units POWER LINES Transport /Distribution BUSES system bus/ peripheral buses Converters: AC/AC AC/DC or DC/AC DC/DC (act on energy parameters) Bridges: Digital information exchange of parameters STORAGE/BUFFERS: batteries, supercaps STORAGE/BUFFERS: memories (cache, main auxiliary,…) Converters from electric to other energy form mechanic, thermal or radiantSignal converters A/D or D/A Input / Output Interfaces ACTING SYSTEMS: electric to external world interfaces

5. Organization of the systems E&I Cellular / modular organization of power sources: the same function: power groups, pV cells, battery elements (cells), fuel cells versus Cellular/modular organization of information systems –similarities - : CPUs, GPUs, scalar / super- scalar CPUs, memories of the systems, I/O interfaces, computers, blade computers, etc. Create the premises for scalability of both system categories

6. Topologies Energy systems Topologies in case of energetic systems are controlled by grid control algorithm as result of control implemented by switching commandsversus Information systems Topologies are reconfigurable and controlled by specific applications InsulatedGlobal Insulated versus Global In every case the topology of the system is important in assuraces of performances and optimal functionality

7. Role of the switching elements In case of power systems: to configure the power systems as results of power flow optimization algorithms that take into account the demands and the generation and to minimize of power lossesversus Role of switching elements (see switch fabrics) in case of informational systems is: to allow the optimal redirection of information flows in order to optimize the synchronization,opportunity and usability of information collected and processed (minimize the waiting periods, maximize the feeding process of CPUs, maximize the usage coefficient of computation power)

8. Time dimension of the Energy & Information systems Latencies in power generation are differentiated - function of type of electric power generation, transfer and consumption. Thus in case of thermal and cogeneration power plants the latency is big (24-72 hours), PV cells (seconds), fuel cells (minutes), batteries (mseconds), hydro-power plants(minutes)versus Time constants in case of information systems means clock - frequency, access time, latencies, buses dimensions, instruction set architecture, opportunities of information provided

9. Laws and procedures that govern the transfer process Control of power flow transfer is govern by electric circuit laws (Kirchhoff I&II) & control strategies versus versus Information transfer is govern by programs using redundant elements, signals or software modules

10. What means efficiency in case of Energy / Information systems Efficiency in case of power systems that means adequates commutation of switching power devices in order to avoid the transformation of power generated in heat with direct consequence the decreasing of energy efficiency versus versus Efficiency: in case of information systems means to assures a maximum feeding functionality through CPU’s, memories and I/O interfaces, as consequence result a maximization of computation power

11. Needs for standard or standard protocols uniform treating In energy systems need an uniform treating of power flow control using specific protocols starting from metering till station & power plant control assure the reliability of power systemsversus reliability security In case of information systems the protocols play the essential role in assurance of reliability and security of the data processing

12. EnergyInformation Methods for increasing efficiency of processing in case of Energy & Information systems model able to aggregateconceptual entitiesendowing its new functionalities master the complexity energy generation & consumption optimal loadingincreasing computation performances Virtualization involve development of a model able to aggregate the system’s elements in conceptual entities and endowing its with new functionalities in order to master the complexity of energy generation & consumption respectively in optimal loading of processing units for increasing computation performances. valorization of the activities The market actors, play an essential role, because the virtualization process will allow to take into account a large amount of parameters, including the valorization of the activities regarding the demand and offer and assure the simplification of the controlling processes

13. Intelligent control / Intelligent computing What means? “Studying and understanding the underlying principles of natural computation, and how these principles can be adopted or modified to extend and enrich computer science and engineering.” Cybernetics is the science of intricate control loops. Assures the mastering of complex control processes. Models and algorithms, techniques and theories in these fields have been successfully applied to a wide range of complex problems. (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics)

14. A possible hierarchy for the different energy management implementations

15. Where we can find out solutions? Are the bio-systems the source of paradigms? See See the energy processes and the balance of resources, its efficient usage by: illustration of the means, and ways to increasing and complying at appeared opportunities EnergyInformation Using of services technologies as specific regulators and intelligent agents in both cases Energy Systems & Information systems (examples) Internetwide grids Internet (global processing) versus wide grids

16. ATP acid adesin -tri-phosphoric (short term energy, locally stored) Are the bio-cell ideal energy source? Being a collection of specialized cells, which obtain their own energy on the same way: ADP acid adesin -di-phosphoric (intermediate term energy, locally stored) Glycogen (long term energy reserve, central stored into the liver) Animations from Internet

17. Several features of living cells A bio-cell represents a distributed energy system A bio-cell has the ability to auto insulate in report with the whole system, without global damages A bio-cell assures a flat time response for energy & power delivered on demands (very short, short and long term) Is a redundant source (compensation phenomena can be identified in case of living beings)

18. Hybrid power supplies  Combination of different power supplies and energy buffers having different proprieties: different time constants; different power and energy densities; different behaviors, etc using electronic power devices and intelligent embedded – in general - systems.  In case of power distribution systems this feature is deep-seated assured by the component of the generator interconnected

19. Flow capacity (blood vessels ) in case of E&I The energy grid involves power installed, consumers connected, power line capacities settled by their nominal voltage that limits the power flow transmitted (110kV = 40 MW etc.) efficiency and performance reflected at level of consumers by opportunities satisfied; In case of information systems the vessels are the buses (serial -2,5Gbps /parallel -533Mbps) but are differences! Semantics & dataversus Power quality flows & Steady state (continuous) power flow

20. Opportunity of generation/processing Schedulers Schedulers assure the long term balancing processes based of demands & generation potential “a priori” known –past experiences- distillated as paradigms! Means Means: Monitors, discovery, dynamic reconfiguration, speculative execution, replacing strategies, redundancies, methods to classifying and prioritization of data processed Sacrifices Sacrifices assumed: disconnection of “unimportant” users / delaying the task execution

21. Functional analogies between E&I systems Methods for the control of information flow: – Programmed – Event drive – Burst Methods for the control of energy flow: – Based on scheduling of generation function of consumption patterns – Based of events occurred into systems (triggering of circuit breakers/protections) short circuits

22. Common features of energy / information systems ELECTRIC VEHICLESSTAND ALONE COMPUTERS Batteries Motor Energy Buffer Motor Energy Buffer Motor Energy Buffer Motor Energy Buffer Stationary power flow Hierarchies Hierarchies Local versus global Local versus global Intricate loops Intricate loops Steady state versus transitory regimes Steady state versus transitory regimes CPU Local processor: I/O processor Bridges

23. What we want to obtain by making the fusion between energy and Information? Fusion between E&I role: – Facilitate each other (live by synergies) – Increase the reliability and availability – Comply to the specific constraints and reach specific goals Results: => maximum energy efficiency =>maximum information flow rate

24. Significant examples – energy efficiency – in case of mobile and stationary applications

25. Real Implementation

26. Several facts about old/new starting system Capacity of battery 360Ah150Ah Type of batteryTractionRegular Control systemNonYes Mean time start7 sec3.5sec Energy consumed600KJ200KJ Maximum current1.9KA the same Start latency 0max. 180s

27. A real example about power flow control Current Voltage ESR Blue= Old drawings Red = New drawings Time [s] Time [10xms]

28. How evolve the power flow transfer?

29. Virtual Power Plant Concept A concept that integrate DER using a Large-Scale Virtual Power Plant (LSVPP), that represent an aggregation of a large number of DERs including different DER technologies, responsive loads and storage devices which, when integrated, have the flexibility and controllability similar to large conventional power plants. W hat means W hat means: D istributed system control architectures I nformation and communication architectures S upporting market and commercial structures

30. Smart Grids D istributed Control System able to mastering the distributed generation resources, adapted at the deregulated & liberalized market and able to solve the demand side management Smart Metering Smart Generation RES CHP Storage Smart Customers Residences Smart Market Smart Grid Siemens concept 2007

31. What means Smart Grid in our conception? Usual Definitions: SmartGrids (EU): Power network that efficiently integrates the behavior and the actions of all users interconnected – generators, consumers (loads), different participants into the grid in order to offer a sustainable available and reliable functioning of it Smart Grid Strategic Group (IEC): a concept for modernization of power networks that integrate the energy and information technologies in any pont of the network from generation until consumption A generic definition means to offer for every body the synergic mean to be more efficient in the govern of complex networks Smart Grid means a Cyber Energy systems

32. Virtual power plants & Intelligent grid a possible laboratory

33. Smart grids!

34. Information systems – energy optimization Traditional approach Reduce energy consumption (kWh) New approach Reduce CO2 or Reduce Bill (Euro/kWh)

35. Cloud Computer (flexible / controllable load) Power network P P P P Energy Market Ancillary services Market VPP agent Virtual Power Plant (VPP) P P Load flexibility (on demand) Green production Market Load flexibility (during green production in excess) ~~~~~ Energy generation G GGDG Favorable Energy price (contracts and spot) Use of VPPs in Smart Grid environment

36. -t UTC [h] P CLOUD UTC UTC+1 UTC+2 -60% Following the sun, following the earth rotation