1. 10.07.2006Paul Borza Ubiquitous Energy Sources? A dream or a feasible solution?

2. Content Is the bio-cell an ideal energy source? Is the bio-cell an ideal energy source? Why not to find in our technical environment the “ideal”? Technologies are ready to do this step? How does it look an ideal source? Problems, a lot, but all must be solved! Which are the main problems? How to solve them? A definitive response ? Certainly NOT!

3. ATP acid adesin -tri-phosphoric (short term energy, locally stored) Is the bio-cell an ideal energy source? Is the bio-cell an ideal energy source? 1/2 Being a collection of specialized cells, which obtain their own energy on the same way: ADP acid adesin -di-phosphoric (intermediate term energy, locally stored) Glycogen (long term energy reserve, central stored into the liver)

4. A bio-cell represents a distributed energy system A bio-cell has the ability to auto insulate in report with the whole system, without global damages A bio-cell assures a flat time response for energy & power delivered on demands (very short, short and long term) Is a redundant source (compensation phenomena can be identified in organism) Is the bio-cell an ideal energy source? Is the bio-cell an ideal energy source? 1/2

5. How it looks an ideal source? Able to auto-reconfigure depending of status of process supplied Able to auto isolation the damaged / or malfunctioning cells Autonomous functionality Easy to be interconnected by preemptive wires Easy to be re-charged without important loses Able to auto / manual reconfigure or aggregate into colonies Able to adapt the energetic parameters at the demand of consumers Presents redundant elements that increase the reliability and availability of whole source

6. Why not to find in our technical environment the ideal? Structure of main switch adequate at the need for static commutation of the CEC into the colony (Combined Energy&Power Source CES) Structure of proposed combined energy cell.  Super-capacitor  Battery  Fuel cells  Controller Offer energy anywhere, anytime demanded by the application parameters

7. Possible stages and regime in the functioning process of Combined Energy Cell` CEC Insulated CEC Parallel connection CEC Serial connection CEC Insulated in preemptive serial connection CEC re-charging super-Cap CEC re-charging Battery

8. How to energize the cell? Insulation of cell that must be “revitalized” Pumping of charge from battery into the super-capacitor at a limit initial established Disconnecting of super-capacitor from battery Connecting the CEC, respectively the super-capacitor at the colony network Connecting the battery at fuel cell in order to charge again the battery at maximum level in order to be able to assure the next charging of super-capacitor Control the supplying process at the fuel cell level by controlling the methanol access into the cell, and preserving by control the variation of temperature in initial settled range.

9. Example: re-charging process of a 2x2 group of CEC serial/parallel connection Stage 1 Stage 2

10. Which are the main problems? 1/2 Granularity of Combined Energy Source (CES) and of CEC, adequate at application specifics must be analyzed. In transportation systems the programs that will run on CEC controller will be different comparing with the case of DEMS or active filter systems. The dimensioning of cells, the redundancy of CEC elements into the colony, the strategies for insulate the individual CEC and replacing algorithms will represent “must” for the future researches. Strategies for control that improve the reliability of Combined Energy Sources enter in the above mentioned problem and are correlated with these.

11. Which are the main problems? 2/2 The controllers of CEC colony must formed a cluster for computation and control of Combined Energy Source (CES) It is natural to think the implementation of controlling system like an IP solution the controlling system for the CEC included into the colony It is preferable to use wireless communication buses for the transfer of information between CEC The intelligent agents seems to be an appropriate solution for the control of whole CES

12. Challenging problems rinsed by CEC Technological aspects related to hardware implementation of CEC elements Developing of a specific parallel architecture for the controlling system of CES Theoretical substantiation of CEC Developing of a specific parallel processing control of CES Applications and deployment of research results

13. Technologies are ready to do this step? Stacked super-capacitors are ready to use Batteries base on NiMH are ready to be integrated Fuels cell at low temperature exist now DMFC represents one example Static switchers, such as VMOS transistors, or IGBT are ready to use We are able to integrate all of tem in one hybrid component?