1. European Feudalism
Between Europe will begin to change from a feudal society to a capitalist society. In feudalism, land is not private property, political authority is local. The 1300’s were a century of disease and war, as shown at left.

2. Reformation Protestantism Inter-Christian Religious Warfare
Martin Luther
Henry VIII
Inter-Christian Religious Warfare
Catholic
Protestant
Mixed
At this point Europeans’ sense of identity is local and religious.

3. Nation Building
The nations we now know as Europe were built during the period
France England: 1300’s
Spain: 1492
Italy: 1848
Germany: 1860

4. European Trade 1478 Silk Road Venitian Bankers & Muslims control
Spice
Silk
10x markup
Venitian Bankers & Muslims control
Rennais-sance

5. THE OTHER
The Other is a concept we use to describe a subject’s sense of its identity. The Other defines the boundary of the “Self.” The Other is not always viewed negatively. What we want to know, is what traditions of otherness does Europe take with it on its voyages of exploration and conquest?
Jews serve as an internal other and for 700 years, Europe will be invaded repeatedly.

6. Jews The first Other Dependent non-citizens of the Christian world.
“racializing difference:”
ghettoization
hats, badges, stars, tattoos
Economic Niches
Medicine
Banking

7. Heathens Viking Raids 700-1000 Hun Invasions 600-800
Europe sends missionaries to convert invaders

8. Viking Slave Trade Coastal Europe Russia Greenland 8,000 per year
In % of European households owned slaves

9. Mongols Invasions military threat Pope Innocent IV Letter to the Khan:
Catholicism is “Church universal”
Non-catholics rule without “dominium” or divine sanction
This will be applied to Indians when the time comes.

10. Islam Controls access to Asian trade
Preserve knowledge of Greek Science/philosophy
Practice religious tolerance

11. Africans Before Racism
In the period we have evidence of Africans living in European society as equals. They own property, marry, engage in trade and legal affairs. Their differences are noted but not marginalized. As the Europeans increase their exportation of Africans to the America’s their perceptions of Africans will deteriorate. Takaki’s chapter on the English conquest of Ireland suggests that that event is intertwined with African exportation in Europe’s first sense of “racial difference.”

12. Early Catholic question
Aquinas:
“we know the whole world.”
“The apostles covered the earth.”
until 1570
America’s thought a peninsula of Asia

13. “Known” World