1. PRAGMATICS TUTORIAL 8 CHAN YI HAO HO JIA DA TAN HUI MIN WU JIAJUN

2. QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY Jia Da

3. QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY  Two Forces  Illocutionary  Perlocutionary  Two Forms  Direct Speech Act  Indirect Speech Act

4. QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY  Performative Verbs  Meaning of the verb is PERFORMED by simply UTTERING it in the sentence.  Examples  I apologise for my ugly presentation slides  I promise to work hard for this module

5. QUESTION 1: SPEECH ACT THEORY

6. QUESTION 1A: QUESTION  Direct, Performative Verb  May I enquire about the criteria for admission to NUS?  Intention: Illicit Information (Question)  Linguistic Form: Interrogative

7. QUESTION 1A: QUESTION  Direct, without Performative Verb  Why on earth do you want to enroll in NUS?  Intention: Illicit Information (Question)  Linguistic Form: Interrogative

8. QUESTION 1A: QUESTION  Indirect  I am running out of patience  Intention: Illicit Information (Question)  Linguistic Form: Declarative

9. QUESTION 1B: REQUEST  Direct, with Performative Verb  I demand a diamond ring, necklace and bracelet this Valentines Day.  Intention: Request/Order  Linguistic Imperative

10. QUESTION 1B: REQUEST  Direct, no Performative Verb  Please understand my current financial situation  Intention: Request/Order  Linguistic Form: Imperative

11. QUESTION 1B: REQUEST  Indirect  Can’t you afford the ring at least?  Intention: Request/Order  Linguistic Form: Interrogative

12. QUESTION 1C: PROMISE  Direct, with Performative Verb  I swear that I will make you pay for murder  Intention: Promise (Declaration)  Linguistic Form: Declarative

13. QUESTION 1C: PROMISE  Direct, no Performative Verb  I will never kill again if you spare me  Intention: Promise  Linguistic Form: Declarative

14. QUESTION 1C: PROMISE  Indirect  Prepare to meet your inevitable doom  Intention: Promise (Declaration)  Linguistic Form: Imperative

15. QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION Yi Hao

16. Cooperative principle: How people interact with one another QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION QualityQuantityRelationManner False information Lack adequate evidence Be as informative as required Do not be too informative Be relevantAvoid ambiguity and obscurity Be brief and orderly 4 Gricean Maxim of Conversation

17.  “He’s so well spoken that you can get lulled into thinking that you believe him. Then, after a while, you start to realize that most of what he’s saying is just unfounded opinion. He never backs up his statements with anything factual.”  Answer: Maxim of Quality QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION

18.  “Her lectures are really hard to understand. I think that she knows what she’s talking about, but she uses all this complicated vocabulary, and she never defines any of the words. Plus, every sentence is about a million words long, and by the time you figure out what it meant, she’s giving you another sentence that’s even more complicated! Aiyoh”  Answer: Maxim of Manner & Maxim of Quantity (too much) QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION

19.  “His classes are hard to follow because he goes off on so many tangents. He’ll be talking about Russian politics one minute, and then he’ll veer off to tell us something about democracy in Ancient Greece. Then he’ll get back to the Russian politics only to interrupt himself with a story about what his son did at breakfast this morning! OMG”  Answer: Maxim of Relation & Maxim of Manner QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION

20.  “I feel as though she never gives us thorough answers to our questions. For example, I asked her yesterday why we shiver when we’re cold. All she said was ‘because you’re warm-blooded,’ and then she went to with her lecture. I already knew that people are warm-blooded, but I don’t know what this has to do with shivering. Damn it!”  Answer: Maxim of Quantity (too little) QUESTION 2: GRICEAN MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION

21. QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Hui Min

22. The following is a true story involving a mother and her 2- year-old daughter. The mother is busy preparing dinner, and tells the child: Go ask your uncle what he wants to drink. The child runs to the living room where the uncle is relaxing, and doesn’t come back. After a good 15 minutes, the mother checks with the uncle, who says: Yeah, she did come to me and said “Uncle, uncle, what you want to drink?”, then she disappeared towards her bedroom. Keeping in mind the 2-year-old’s level of communicative competence, explain how the pragmatic notions of illocution and perlocution crucially help us understand this funny episode.

23. QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE Illocutionary Utterance  Speaker-oriented  Has an communicative intent to induce an action  Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative

24.  Hearer-based  Has behavioral consequences on the hearer  Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative Perlocutionary Utterance QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

25. Illocutionary Utterance “Go ask your uncle what he wants to drink…”

26. Intent Find out what drink Uncle wants and get back to me QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

27. Perlocutionary behaviour “Mummy said to ask what Uncle wants to drink ” QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

28. What child understands Find out what Uncle wants to drink and no need get back to mummy QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

29. Competency of a 2 year old: Process literal meaning as presented Do not understand true intent of context QUESTION 3: PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE No instruction to get back to Mummy No need to get back to Mummy =

30. Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE Jiajun

31. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for attending this press conference. With great regret, I announce that I have tendered my resignation as a Member of Parliament and as a member of the People's Action Party. I have resigned to take full responsibility for a grave mistake that I have committed. I had a relationship with a member of the People's Association staff working in Pasir Ris- Punggol GRC. While the individual did not work with me directly, Punggol East used to be part of the GRC and continues to work with it. My conduct was improper and it was a serious error of judgment. I have resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP and to Parliament. I have performed my duties as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East to the best of my ability and my actions did not affect my performance of those duties. I am deeply sorry for letting down the residents of Punggol East, the PAP and everyone who has believed in me and supported me. I apologise unreservedly to them, and to my family. I humbly request that you be kind enough to respect my family's privacy during this difficult period. Thank you. - Michael Palmer Speaker of Parliament

32. Effective? Yes!Duh No repercussion to PAP after public apology Sincere Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE

33. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for attending this press conference. With great regret, I announce that I have tendered my resignation as a Member of Parliament and as a member of the People's Action Party. I have resigned to take full responsibility for a grave mistake that I have committed. I had a relationship with a member of the People's Association staff working in Pasir Ris- Punggol GRC. While the individual did not work with me directly, Punggol East used to be part of the GRC and continues to work with it. My conduct was improper and it was a serious error of judgment. I have resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP and to Parliament. I have performed my duties as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East to the best of my ability and my actions did not affect my performance of those duties. I am deeply sorry for letting down the residents of Punggol East, the PAP and everyone who has believed in me and supported me. I apologise unreservedly to them, and to my family. I humbly request that you be kind enough to respect my family's privacy during this difficult period. Thank you. - Michael Palmer Speaker of Parliament

34. Sincere Expression of Remorse “With great regret” “I am deeply sorry” Admission of fault “My conduct was improper” Taking responsibility “to take full responsibility” “resigned in order to avoid further embarrassment to the PAP” Public Apology Press conference Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE

35.  Similar cases  Jack Neo, Jesslyn Tan, Anton Casey http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20121212-389136.html Q4: PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY IN SINGAPORE The End~