1. Pragmatics tutorial
Week 10 Tutorial 8

2. Question 1: Speech Act Theory

3. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
Speech Act – an utterance made by a speaker to perform a variety of actions
Forms:
1. Direct Speech Act (DSA) – syntactic form of the utterance is the same as its intent (form matches intent)
e.g. Pass me a pack of paper clips, please! (imperative, for an order/request)

4. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
2. Indirect Speech Act (ISA) – the linguistic form of the utterance is NOT the same as its intent (form doesn’t match intent)
e.g. Can you pass me a pack of paper clips, please? (interrogative for an order/request)

5. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
Performative Verb (PV)
A type of perlocutionary declarative utterance (related to Searle’s ‘declaration’ speech act)
Speech acts in the most literal possible sense - Saying the thing IS in ITSELF literally doing something
e.g. I hereby pronounce you man and wife.
WHY?

6. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
Declaratives with locutionary force must have the following
CONDITIONS:
must occur in the appropriate situational context
be spoken the appropriate person
affirmative
declarative
in the present tense
Yes, remember that it has to be in the first- or second-person too. (Slide 35)

7. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
e.g. I hereby pronounce you man and wife. (said by a priest to a couple at a wedding ceremony in church)
occurs in the appropriate situational context (marriage ceremony in church)
spoken the appropriate person (the priest who has the rightful powers to do so)
affirmative
declarative
in the present tense

8. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
DSA With PV – I hereby ask you who made the cupcakes. (interrogative used for a question)
DSA Without PV – Who made the cupcakes? (interrogative used for a question)
ISA – I wonder who made the cupcakes. (declarative is used for a question)

9. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
b)      Request
DSA With PV – I request for your prayers during this difficult time. (imperative is used for a request)
DSA Without PV – Kindly keep our family in your prayers during this difficult time. (imperative is used for a request)
ISA – Could you keep my family in your prayers, please? (interrogative is used for a request)

10. Question 1: Speech Act Theory
c)      Promise
DSA With PV – I promise to be a good husband. (a declarative used for a commissive)
DSA Without PV – You have my word that I will be a good husband. (a declarative used for a commissive)
ISA – Will you take my word that I will be a good husband to you? (an interrogative used for a commissive)
Other e.g. Do you mind waiting till next week? (an interrogative used for a commissive)

11. Question 2: Gricean Maxims of Conversation

12. Question 2: Gricean Maxims of Conversation
Professor A: “He’s so well spoken that you can get lulled into thinking that you believe him. Then, after a while, you start to realize that most of what he’s saying is just unfounded opinion. He never backs up his statements with anything factual.”
Maxim(s) flouted
Maxim of Quality
Explanation
Professor A’s words lack adequate evidence to be substantiated.

13. Question 2: Gricean Maxims of Conversation
Professor B: “Her lectures are really hard to understand. I think that she knows what she’s talking about, but she uses all this complicated vocabulary, and she never defines any of the words. Plus, every sentence is about a million words long, and by the time you figure out what it meant, she’s giving you another sentence that’s even more complicated! Aiyoh.”
Maxim(s) flouted
Maxim of Manner
Maxim of Quantity
Explanation
Professor B is ambiguous in her teaching - no definitions + complicated vocabulary.
Also, she constructs incredibly long sentences - says more than what is necessary for students to get her.
Yep, the ambiguity makes the violation of the maxim of manner obvious. Whether she violates the maxim of quantity is a bit more debateable, because she could actually be giving exactly enough information to her students (i.e., not giving too much information), but simply presenting that information in an unclear way.

14. Question 2: Gricean Maxims of Conversation
Professor C: “His classes are hard to follow because he goes off on so many tangents. He’ll be talking about Russian politics one minute, and then he’ll veer off to tell us something about democracy in Ancient Greece. Then he’ll get back to the Russian politics only to interrupt himself with a story about what his son did at breakfast this morning! OMG.”
Maxim(s) flouted
Maxim of Manner
Maxim of Relation
Explanation
Professor C’s classes lack order on top of relevance.

15. Question 2: Gricean Maxims of Conversation
Professor D: “I feel as though she never gives us thorough answers to our questions. For example, I asked her yesterday why we shiver when we’re cold. All she said was ‘because you’re warm-blooded,’ and then she went on with her lecture. I already knew that people are warm-blooded, but I don’t know what this has to do with shivering. Damn it!”
Maxim(s) flouted
Maxim of Quantity
Maxim of Manner
Why not Maxim of Relation?
Explanation
Professor D “under-explains” - her explanations lack thoroughness and clarity.
The cause of shivering entails warm-bloodedness; what she said isn't entirely unrelated.
In this case, the quantity violation is clearer – one could argue that there has been a manner violation in the tone of the professor’s answer, but others might say that her answer was perfectly clear, but just lacked enough information.

16. Question 3: Pragmatic Competence

17. Question 3: Pragmatic competence
The mother is busy preparing dinner, and tells the child: Go ask your uncle what he wants to drink. The child runs to the living room where the uncle is relaxing, and doesn’t come back. After a good 15 minutes, the mother checks with the uncle, who says: Yeah, she did come to me and said “Uncle, uncle, what you want to drink?”, then she disappeared towards her bedroom.

18. Question 3: Pragmatic competence Defining illocution and perlocution
(a) Illocution- illocutionary utterances that have communicative intent, done with the intention to do a certain action.
Eg. from lecture: I respect Ai a lot.
The illocutionary intent of the example here is to convey information.

19. Question 3: Pragmatic competence Defining illocution and perlocution
(b) Perlocution- perlocutionary utterances have behavioural consequences on the hearer (ie. hearer will take action in response), with the intention to get your hearer to do something.
Eg. from lecture: I am hungry--- said with intention of getting your hearer to get food for you.
Eg. I haven’t eaten since this morning.

20. Question 3: Pragmatic competence
Mum’s statement ‘Go ask your uncle what he wants to drink.’ is a perlocution. She said it with the intention of getting her daughter to ask her uncle what drink he wants and then geting back to her.
However, the 2-year-old daughter who has a relatively low communicative competence sees this as an imperative illocutionary utterance in which her mum orders her to go ask her uncle what drink he wanted, without interpreting the perlocutionary force intended by her mother (ie. To get back to her mother. )
Yes, the key point is that the daughter failed to understand the perlocutionary force of her mother’s utterance.

21. Question 3: Pragmatic competence

22. Qn 4: Pragmatic analysis of apology in Singapore

23. Anton Casey’s public apology

24. a) Source and written script
Dear sir,
I would like to extend a sincere apology to the people of Singapore. In the past 24 hours due to a recent chain of events, which include my misguided attempt at humour, a security breach of my personal Facebook page and the misuse of an old video by unknown sources, my family, especially, my five-year-old son has suffered extreme emotional and verbal abuse online.
It must be made extremely clear that a YouTube video of me, with my son in the background was not posted in response to any recent events. This video was made weeks prior and has been misused to portray me as unrepentant. Police investigation into this matter, including receiving death threats, is ongoing. I have offended and disrespected the people of Singapore, my family - especially my five-year-old son. He is an innocent party to this unfortunate and extremely stressful situation. I wish for nothing more than to be forgiven for my poor judgement and given a second chance to rebuild the trust people had in me as a resident of this City – specifically for my family.
Regards,
 Anton S Casey

25. b) Is the apology effective overall?
NO …
c) Why not?
Felicity conditions for apology
- Admission of fault - Sincere expression of remorse - Promise of non-recurrence

26. c) Why is the apology not effective?
More description of actions rather than addmission of fault
(see underlined statements)
His apology can be interpreted to carry more obligation than remorse (statement in red)

27. c) Why is the apology not effective?
Possible alternative?
“It was my fault for making a misguided attempt at humour.’’
Underlying implication- aware of his mistakes and the consequences.
In contrast, when he merely described his behavior, it shows that he was aware of his actions but he did not think that he was wrong.

28. Cont’d
Universal felicity conditions by using present tense and writing as a first person subject
Showed little expression of remorse. (I regret, I sincerely apologize…)
Failed to make a promise of non-recurrence.
Attempt to convey a ‘sincere’ apology backfires when one reads the rest of the letter and realizes how insincere his apology was due to the abovementioned elements that were missing.
The universal felicity conditions on the slide apply more to performative utterances than apologies, actually :)
Another point that came up during our discussion was that he seemed too defensive in his apology – it seems we don’t want him to justify himself, we want him to simply show how repentant he is

29. Cont’d
Overall…
Focus of Casey’s apology attempt seems more like a plea rather than an apology where he should have admitted his mistakes, showed remorse and promised never to let it happen again.

30. End of pragmatics! (peace out, yay!)