1. Evaluating Contemporary Influences
World Games

2. World Games Single Sport Multi-sport FIFA World Cup Olympic Games
Heineken European Rugby Cup
Paralympic Games
World Hockey Champions Trophy
Commonwealth Games
Pan-American Games
World Short-course swimming championships

3. Characteristics of World games
performers
‘ ’ for city/country
Large appeal
Requires major infrastructure –
Elite
Pre-qualifying
Shop window
Commercialised
spectator/TV
transport, accommodation, facilities

4. Effects of World games - performers
Highly to be the best
Test themselves against
Make most of abilities –
High
motivated
the best
reach potential
Extrinsic rewards
Self-satisfaction / pride
expectations
Role models

5. Effects of World games - performers
Great
Short
Requires No
Long-term goal
sacrifices
career
self-discipline/motivation
guarantee of success

6. Effects of World games - Country
impact – seen as successful, part of national character
Social impact –
Economic impact – financial success –
Can have negative impact -
Cultural
unite country
tourism / regeneration / infrastructure
failure

7. Effect of World Games - Government
Provide support –
May be used to demonstrate
Successful bid seen as achievement
bidding, planning
political success - Beijing
on world-wide scale - London

8. Typical question
World championships have developed beyond a simple meeting of the world’s best performers to become far more complex events.
(a) In recent years, how and why have world championships, such as the Olympic Games, developed in terms of size and finance? (4 marks)
(b) How have these developments impacted upon the experiences of performers and spectators? (3 marks)

9. Answer (a) 4 marks for 4 of:
Events now larger/more teams/more sports/performers/ stadia size;
Need more funding;
From sponsorship/spectators;
More media coverage/ sports want higher profile;
Resulting in more interest worldwide/in host country/following of national teams or performers/stars;
Some championships allow professional performers/ prize money; 4 marks
(b) Spectators (Sub max 3 marks)
More opportunities to see elite performers;
Enhanced viewing opportunities/interactive/ camera angles/statistics/hawkeye/ staia/equiv;
Improved knowledge of events/performance, etc;
Performer (Sub max 3 marks)
More opportunities to perform at the highest level;
Chance to represent country/win championships;
More opportunity to gain expenses/appearance money/win bonus, etc;
More commercial pressure on performers/ deviancy;
4 marks

10. Why seek excellence? Individual Society Challenge National pride
Society encourages excellence
Reduces crime
Big money
Employment
Healthy – increase mass participation
Self-esteem
Role models
Limits to performance?

11. Not all good news exclusive minority
Elite sport for – requires substantial
Loss of morality
Physical and psychological damage from
exclusive minority
funding and resources
– sportsmanship –
increased deviancy
over training and specialisation

12. Qualities required for elite performer/performance
Physical
Psychological
Competitive
Ability/skill
Commitment
Fitness
Physique
Mental toughness
Muscle-fibre type
Motivation
Anatomical advantages - levers
Single-minded
Make sacrifices

13. Identifying Talent Needs talent identification programme testing
But:
Difficult to make tests – especially
Training has on performance
more important
talent identification programme
Fitness / psychological
valid
psychological
limited effects
Socio-economics

14. Social factors affecting development
Tradition
Ideals
Sport’s popularity
Parental influence
Teacher’s specialities
Accessibility of facilities

15. Typical question
An individual must have a range of personal qualities and receive some external support to enable them to reach an elite level of performance.
(a) What personal qualities are necessary for an individual to progress towards an elite level of performance? (4 marks)

16. Answer (Long term) commitment/self discipline;
Determination/Be the best/sets targets/vision/single minded/focussed/mental toughness;
Motivation/Nach personality /desire to achieve;
Self sacrifice;
Resilience/ability to overcome failure/pass through pain barrier;
Self-confidence/self efficacy;
High levels of skills/talents/natural ability/correct somatotype;
High levels of physical fitness/high VO2 max/equiv;
4 marks

17. Talent Identification Programmes
Test and parameters
Predict within sport
Search schools – e.g.
But little democracy – of gold medallists from public schools
attended university
physical
psychological
performance capacity
rowing
60%
90%

18. Elite Performance Pyramid
Excellence/ elite level – amateur/ professional - national level - virtually full time involvement
Performance
Fulfil potential - progression to higher levels - talent identification programme
Participation
Regular performer - club or school - committed to activity - time/finance - may not wish for further progression
Foundation
Introduction to activities - PE programmes/ recreational use - no commitment

19. Elite sport Performance and excellence levels Amateur and professional
Requires support and funding
Co-ordination of efforts

20. Providing the development structure
Needs:
Opportunities to play
structure
Links to
Involves
Long Term Athlete Development
at higher level
Representative
TIPs
NGBs
UKSport
EIS
SportsAid
Sport England
BOA
Sports Coach UK
(LTAD)

21. L.T.A.D. Designed to encourage plan Stages: Train to
life-long commitment to sport
10-year
train
compete
win
Retirement / new sport

22. Role of National Governing Bodies
Develop structure
Manage development strategies – ,
, etc
Develop structure
Manage
Enforce
of sport
club and competition
Talent Identification Programmes
WCP
TASS
coaching
representative teams
rules and regulations
Promotion

23. Role of National Governing Bodies
Increase
Improve facilities and personnel –
Increased funding –
Tackling
Use of
base of participation pyramid
e.g. development officers, scouts, coaches
links with local businesses, NGB and LAs
discrimination
role models to promote sports

24. NGB’s membership fees/grants/ sponsorship/TV rights Income from
Some profitable –
Some dependent -
membership fees/grants/ sponsorship/TV rights
self-funded
grants

25. Challenges for NGBs New sports attracting participants Decline in
Little distinction
Need to compete internationally –
Funding =
Need to
school sport
between amateur and professional
need to develop coaching and training - £
key issue – marketing for TV
meet criteria for lottery funding – Whole Sport Plans

26. Whole Sports Plans plan for all – grass roots to elite WSP –
Must include
WSP directs
Identifies
Links with partners –
‘Measures’
plan for all – grass roots to elite
idea of ‘start stay succeed’
Sport England funding and resources to NGBs
NGB’s needs
PESSCLS
how well NGBs doing

27. Idea behind WSP Delivers Lets Measurable results – More links
‘start stay succeed’
Sport England identify NGB needs
how well are NGBs doing – value for money?
with regions and partners – shared best practice

28. Systematic T.I.Ps – e.g. China
High levels
Compulsory
Club system -
Eliminate
Scientific
Long range objectives –
of finance and structure
PE programmes in schools - early identification of talent
specialist schools in separate sports
those who fail to make it
approach to training
70,000 kids, 10,000 coaches

29. Systemic system of T.I.Ps
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large numbers to test
Expert coaches ‘eye’ can still be best guide
Needs lots of funding
Difficult to predict future development
Specialism at young age - physically and mentally dangerous
Rapid progress to elite level
Helps choose sport that person is suited to
Coach deals with only suitable athletes
Maximises resources – e.g. Kenyan athletes, Swiss skiers

30. UK Govt spending = £ But – Too many organisations But improving –
Nine elite EIS facilities;
2.2 billion a year
UK sport still needs modernising
- 500+
e.g C’wealth Games; 2003 RWC win; 2004 and 2008 Olympics, 2005 Ashes
Loughborough and Bath Univs, Aquatic Centre, 2012 Olympics

31. UK Sport Aims: Development of Attracting and running elite athletes
prevention and testing
Funded by and
elite athletes
major sporting events in UK
Doping
central government
Lottery

32. UK Sport Since April 2006: Full responsibility for all and
performance-related support
Running programme,
All funding and support integrated
Olympic
Paralympic
World Class Potential
Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
English Institutes of Sport

33. World Class Performance Pathway
Three levels:
World Class Podium –
World Class Development –
World Class Talent –
realistic 2012 Olympic/ Paralympic medal hopes
performers realistically capable of winning in 2016
identify and progress potential 2020 performers

34. Funding Of Elite Performers
Lottery grants via
– group and personal
Many/majority do not receive or money
NGB
Sponsorship
Appearance money
Prize money
appearance
prize

35. National Lottery 1995 to raise money for good causes Sport
Sport England
Two major themes:
Provide for all to take part in sport
To help the
to raise money for good causes
is a named good cause
named as distributor of funds
equality of opportunity
talented become stars

36. The National Lottery Sports Fund
£200m
£150m – community projects
£50m – elite performers

37. National Lottery– a recent change in emphasis
£100m – community projects
£80m – elite performers

38. English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’
One of
Support –
A.C.E
4 National Institutes
9 regional sites
sports science, medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information

39. Sport England
Strategic lead for delivering Government's sporting objectives
Distributes
Vision –
Invested £
both Lottery and Exchequer funds to sport
make England an active and successful sporting nation
2bn into sport in England since 1994.

40. Government – to maintain England’s sporting infrastructure
National Lottery money – used to provide grants for English sport’s development
Government – to maintain England’s sporting infrastructure
Who funds Sport England?

41. Sport England – 2008 plan
Aims to participation rates in clubs on leaving school ( )
Work with NGBs on for elite programmes
NGBs more accountable –
Work with and NGBs to resource
increase
up to 33%
TIPs
Whole Sport Plans
Sports Coach UK
coaches

42. Sport England – 2008 plan Assist to resource its ‘ ’ in schools
‘Recruit to Coach’ scheme –
Work with to streamline club structure – ?
Youth Sports Trust
Five Hour Sport Offer
more volunteers
NBGs
multi-sport clubs

43. Typical question Competing at the highest level is expensive.
How are elite amateur performers funded in the UK? (4 marks)

44. Answer National lottery funded;
Distribution based on performance criteria;
World Class Programme;
SportsAid;
NGB grants/Sport England grants/Local authority grants;
Sponsorship;
Scholarships/Gifted and talented funding;
Appearance Money;
Parents/community fundraising; 4 marks

45. British Olympic Association
Only
Controls and (medical, kit, accommodation) of Olympic and teams
Charity – funded by
Runs
Olympic sports
preparation
management GB
Paralympic
sponsorship
appeals
licensed merchandising
bids
Olympic training centre

46. Sports Coach UK Independent charity funded by UK sport
Coach education -
Liaison –
Publications -
Independent charity funded by UK sport
courses
professional qualification
UK sport, EIS, Sport England, NGBs, BOA, LAs, YST
‘Supercoach’, coachwise

47. Sports Coach UK Trying to produce world class coaches
Courses to improve
Provide information –
Sport-specific courses
Income from
world class coaches
coaching knowledge and ability
videos, books, etc
grants, fees and subs

48. Sports Aid Charity – Financial aid to
Annual grants (£500) 1500 per year to
TASS –
no government funding - gifts
fundraising and sponsorship
talented youngsters 12-18
People with disabilities (no age limits)
offset training costs
(£3000)

49. Summary organisations Sport in UK – too many – now being centralised
Organisations need to to meet changing of modern athlete
Political and investment must be organised and be in place for
organisations
centralised
evolve
demands
economic
long period

50. Typical question
Over the last ten years the UK has attempted to improve the methods by which we identify, develop and sustain elite performers.
(a) How do National Institutes (e.g. English Institute of Sport) develop and sustain elite sport performances? (5 marks)
(b) Despite lottery and exchequer funding, organisations such as SportsAid still have a role to play.
How does SportsAid generate money and what criteria do they use when deciding who to support? (4 marks)

51. Answer (a) Funding for equipment/training expenses;
From lottery/Exchequer/UKSport;
World Class programme
Coaching;
Elite facilities;
Specialist support/medical backup;
Work with NGBs to establish development programmes/Talent Identification Programmes;
Network of regional centres;
Educational programme for athlete development/ACE; max 5
(b)
How - Charitable status;
Donations from individuals/companies
Fund raising/events/dinners/speakers;
Criteria - Young with potential;
Clear financial need;
Not receiving lottery funding;
Disabled performers of any age;
Nominated by NGB; max 4