1. ILLEGAL DRUGS

2. WHAT IS A DRUG? A natural or synthetic substance that causes a physiological or psychological action in the body Substances are abused because they produce a euphoric effect Euphoria – a deep sense of well-being Current estimates are that approximately 23 million people in the U.S. are users of illicit drugs.

3. PRICE OF EUPHORIA… Tolerance – occurs when, over time, an ever-increasing dose of a drug is required to achieve the same effect Physical dependency Results when the body becomes accustomed to the regular intake of a drug Can happen if the drug user takes a new dose before the effects of the previous dose have worn off Withdrawal sickness (cramps, nausea, chills, vomiting, insomnia, convulsions, pain, and hallucinations)

4. PRICE OF EUPHORIA…. Psychological dependency deep need for the continued intake of a drug occurs in an individual

5. Ex. Famous experiment by NY City Department of Health: Rat, two levers, cocaine, food

6. When substances, legal or illegal are take strictly for pleasure they are considered “drugs of abuse” or “illicit drugs” In the U.S. 75 % of the evidence being examined in forensic labs are drug related.

7. Narcotics: analgesics relieve pain by depressing central nervous system activity. R educes body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate Mild analgesics are OTC drugs= aspirin, Tylenol and Motrin Illicit narcotics come from opium opium derivatives: codeine, morphine, heroin Abuse or overuse leads to physical dependence Methadone is used in the U.S. as a heroin substitute Classes of drugs:

8. CLASSES OF DRUGS: Hallucinogens: Cause marked alterations in normal thought processes, perceptions, and mood. Decreases the users ability to concentrate, slows reactions, and impairs coordination Marijuana is the most popular and controversial member of this class It is estimated that 43 million Americans have tried marijuana The active ingredient (THC) can range from 1-10% in a cultivated female plant Hash oil can contain up to 50%

9. Hallucinogens: LSD is a possible teratogen (an agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus) PCP (Angel Dust) and MDMA (ecstasy)

10. CLASSES OF DRUGS Depressants: A substance used to depress the functions of the central nervous system that may induce sleep Barbiturates: commonly referred to as “downers” are highly addictive; withdrawal is difficult and dangerous Common anxiety reducers and sleep aid Sedatives-produce sleep Tranquilizers-produces relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or the inducement of sleep Inhalants -exhilaration, impaired judgment and slurred speech Alcohol!!

11. CLASSES OF DRUGS Stimulants: Act on the central nervous system to increase alertness or activity making the user feel better and increase energy Also suppresses appetite and fatigue Side effects: restlessness, anxiety, and depression when the drug wears off. Diet Pills, Amphetamines, cocaine, meth, crack

12. CLUB DRUGS Synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars and raves. These drugs can be a stimulant, depressant, hallucinogen, narcotic or a combination of the four classes MDMA, GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine and methamphetamine Produce euphoria

14. MARIJUANA “Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004," 12.7 percent of state inmates and 12.4 percent of federal inmates incarcerated for drug violations are serving time for marijuana offenses. Multiplying these totals by U.S. DOJ prison expenditure data reveals that taxpayers are spending more than $1 billion annually to imprison pot offenders. about 94 million Americans-- that's 40 percent of the U.S. population age 12 or older -- self-identify as having used cannabis at some point in their lives

15. HOW DID MARIJUANA BECOME ILLEGAL? When methods of processing hemp into paper and plastics were becoming more readily available and affordable, business leaders including William Randolph Hearst and DuPont stood to lose fortunes. They did everything in their power to have it outlawed. Hearst was the owner of a chain of newspapers. DuPont’s chief financial backer Andrew Mellon (also the Secretary of the Treasury during President Hoover) was responsible for appointing Harry J. Anslinger, in 1931 as the head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. Anslinger led the campaign to demonize marijuana.

16. MARIJUANA FACTS Most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. Hallucinogen that alters perception or moods. Estimated that about 54% of the population between the ages of 18 and 25 have tried it Used in Chinese medicine as early as 2737 B.C. Entered the U.S. from 1850-1942 Potential Medicinal Uses: Lessens nausea caused by anticancer drugs Lessens eye pressure caused by glaucoma Growing evidence that it can cure some forms of cancer

17. MARIJUANA FACTS Greenish-brown mixture of the leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the plant Cannabis Grows in most parts of the world Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Bind to specific receptor sites in the human brain which trigger the euphoric effect for which the drug is taken

18. MARIJUANA FACTS No current evidence that experimental or intermittent use causes physical or psychological harm. Marijuana does not cause physical dependency. Heavy users CAN develop a strong psychological dependency Side effect: Increased heart rate Dryness of the mouth Reddening of the eyes Impaired motor skills and concentration

20. METHAMPHETAMINE Powdered – also called crystal or crank; most common form; produced in illegal labs; can be injected, snorted, ingested, or smoked Ice – also known as glass, batu, or shabu; made by recrystalizing powdered meth in a solvent such as water, alcohol, or acetone; usually smoked Tablets – normally manufactured in Burma; can be flavored and taken by mouth or smoked; often imprinted with an R or a WY

21. MANUFACTURING OF METHAMPHETAMINE Manufactured using ephedrine or pseudophedrine as a starting ingredient Active ingredient of sudafed and other cold medications Obtaining the packages of sudafed for the clandestine labs is called smurfing Production of 1 lb of meth yields 6 lb of toxic waste

22. METH MOUTH

23. METH ADDICTION http://www.rehabs.com/explore/meth-before-and-after- drugs/infographic.html http://www.rehabs.com/explore/meth-before-and-after- drugs/infographic.html

31. BREAKING BAD

32. HEROIN Derivative of the narcotic morphine A narcotic is a drug that reduces pain and causes sleep Morphine is the active ingredient of opium, the juice of the unripe poppy plant Poppy Plant  opium  morphine  opiate pain killers  heroin

33. MANUFACTURING OF HEROIN Created by reacting morphine with acetic anhydride Normally sold on the street as a mixture of heroin and various cutting agents, which can include quinine, mannitol, lactose, starch, and even arsenic Taken as an intravenous injection

34. HEROIN Famous scene in the Wizard of Oz

35. HEROIN Chronic users may develop collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, constipation and gastrointestinal cramping, and liver or kidney disease.

36. HISTORY OF HEROINE 3400 B.C. cultivated by the Sumerians who called it Hul Gil which means “joy plant” Arabs and Turks introduced it to the Chinese A mixture of opium, alcohol, and herbs was sold to the public as laudanum In 1898 Bayer marketed a new wonder drug, Bayer Heroin

38. HISTORY OF COCAINE Leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylon coca, were given to Inca royalty in keeping with their religious and cultural beliefs The South American Indians chewed on the leaves to get additional strength and endurance In the 1880’s Sigmund Freud considered cocaine a miracle drug that led to clarity of mind In 1886 the Coca Cola Co. marketed its new soft drink, made from the same coca leaves, as an alternative to alcoholic drinks One bottle of Coca Cola contained about 60 mg of cocaine In 1903 the company was forced to remove cocaine from its beverage, but it still uses the leaves for flavor

39. COCAINE Stimulant that acts on the central nervous system to make the user feel better or increase energy Stimulants increase the amount of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, which increases blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, increases blood glucose, and increases breathing. Effects increase alertness Attention energy along with a sense of euphoria. potential for cardiovascular failure (heart attack) or lethal seizures.

40. METHODS OF EXTRACTING COCAINE Leaves are mashed and soaked It is produced by combining coca paste and hydrochloric acid. Powder cocaine is a white powdery substance that is abused by snorting, or by dissolving in water and injecting into a vein. This form of cocaine cannot be smoked. Powder cocaine is much more expensive than crack cocaine. The slowest onset of cocaine’s effects occurs when it is snorted, and this can take up to 20 minutes. The effects last up to 60 minutes. When injected, cocaine reaches the brain within one minute and the effects last for up to 30 minutes.

41. CRACK COCAINE According to the US Dept. of Justice, crack cocaine is more psychologically addicting than powder cocaine, and is thus more likely to result in chronic and heavy use. Produced from powder cocaine and is smoked. Crack is essentially powder cocaine mixed with water and baking soda which is dried into a solid mass. This mass is ‘cracked’ into rocks that are smoked. takes about 20 seconds to reach the brain, and its effects last for about 30 minutes.

42. COCAINE ADDICTION Cocaine interacts with dopamine, norepinepherine, and serotonin. It blocks the reuptake of these chemicals in the brain by binding to the transporters that usually remove the excess of the neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap. Prevents them from being reabsorbed, and instead their concentration is higher than usual in the synapses. Dopamine is implicated in the production and development of dependency, serotonin produces feelings of confidence, and norepinephrine interacts with energy levels.

43. MDMA A.K.A. ECSTASY A hallucinogen that is a member of synthetic drugs used at nightclubs and referred to as club drugs Produced by Merck Pharmaceutical In 1976 Alexander Shulgin of San Francisco taste-tested it “I feel absolutely clean inside, and there is nothing but pure euphoria.”

44. MDMA A.K.A. ECSTACY Used by psychotherapists in the 1980s but has since been banned altogether by the DEA 90% is synthesized in Belgium and the Netherlands Pure MDMA is a crystalline solid Typical dose is about 125 mg the dosage is not regulated so each pill may be different Form: tablet, capsule, or powder

45. PHARMACEUTICALS Abused substances that are available legally by prescription Obtained by improper prescribing, forging prescriptions, theft, or going to multiple doctors for prescriptions New sources is Internet pharmacies Ex: Hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (Oxycotin), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), and codeine, diazepam (Valium), dextroamphetamine (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin)

46. DATE RAPE DRUGS GHB (Gama Hydroxybutyric Acid) Depressant originally prescribed for sleep disorders Banned by the FDA in 1990 Odorless and colorless liquid that is undetectable in liquids Dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, visual disturbances, respiratory distress, amnesia, seizures and coma Rohypnol Causes a condition known as anterograde amnesia Person may not remember any of the events that occur when they are incapacitated Effect is greatly increased when the drug is mixed with alcohol

47. KETAMINE AKA: Special K Legally used as an animal anesthetic and approved for human anesthetic Normal usage levels cause a dreamy state and hallucinations

48. LSD First synthesized by Swiss chemist in 1943 Derivative of lysergic acid which is produced by ergot fungus Powerful drug that can be active in as small a dose as 25 micrograms Hoffmann accidentally ingested some and experienced the first “acid trip” Flashbacks possible Available in the form of tablets, capsules, liquid, gelatin squares, and sugar cubes

49. PCP (ANGEL DUST) PCP (phencyclidine) Can be snorted, smoked, or eaten Developed in the 1950’s as an intravenous anesthetic but was never approved for use in humans Can exhibit great feats of strength b/c they feel no pain

50. PCP PCP is classified as a dissociative anesthetic because users appear to be "disconnected" from their environment: they know where they are, but they do not feel as if they are part of it. The drug has different effects on different people. It can act as a stimulant, a depressant, an analgesic (decreasing pain) or a hallucinogen depending on the dose and route of administration.

51. PSILOCYBIN Active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms (Shrooms) Illegal in the U.S., except for Native Americans for use in their religious practices Shrooms are found on “cow patties”

52. INHALANTS Solvent vapors ( Aerosols, gases, and nitrates) that cause a euphoric effect Spray paint, glue, nail polish remover, and cleaning fluid are the most common Abuse of these drugs can cause dizziness, withdrawal, nausea, vomiting, and seizures Can cause damage to major organs in the body such as the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and liver This type of drug use is called “Huffing” or “sniffing”

54. LEAN Intoxicant: Codeine which is a derivative of morphine

55. SYNTHETIC DRUGS The term “bath salts” refers to an emerging family of drugs containing one or more synthetic chemicals Reports of severe intoxication and dangerous health effects http://youtu.be/dA0Qhgmuvrc http://youtu.be/kTYNw_2yOkI

56. DRUGS AND CRIME  “Controlled substances” are drugs that are restricted by law  Controlled Substances Act is a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.

57. THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT Passed in 1970 Schedule I No accepted medical use High potential for abuse Cannot be prescribed by physicians Heroin, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, marijuana Schedule II Have accepted medical use High potential for abuse Can be prescribed by physicians with strict control morphine, codeine, oxycodone, ritalin

58. THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT Schedule III Accepted medical use Medium potential for abuse Amobarbital, anabolic steroids, barbiturates Schedule IV Accepted medical use Lower potential for abuse Valium, Xanax, Ambien, Librium Schedule V Accepted medical use Lowest potential for abuse Codeine found in low doses in cough medicine

59. COLLECTION OF DRUGS No prescribe single packaging procedure due to vast number of drug types Common sense is the best guide when collecting suspected drugs Any packaging should prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross contamination

60. ANALYSIS OF DRUG EVIDENCE Important to use gloves and sometimes a mask when collecting and analyzing drug evidence Common Myth: law enforcement officers taste suspected drugs

61. IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS  PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference  used to identify manufactured pills, tablets and capsules  Field Tests—presumptive tests  Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests

62. PRESUMPTIVE TEST Carried out in field Carried out in field Places drug in pouch Squeezes a capsule within the pouch releasing the chemical reagent inside Specific color changes indicate the possible presence of a drug used as probable cause for an arrest Can be used as probable cause for an arrest Can yield false positives Cannot be used in court Cannot be used in court

63. PRESUMPTIVE TEST Screening or presumptive tests Spot or color tests Microcrystalline test— a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which is unique for a certain drug. Chromatography

64. PRESUMPTIVE COLOR TESTS  Marquis opium derivatives amphetamines  Marquis —turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives and orange-brown with amphetamines  Dillie-Koppanyi barbiturates  Dillie-Koppanyi —turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates  Duquenois-Levine marijuana  Duquenois-Levine —turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana  Van Urk LSD  Van Urk —turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD  Scott test cocaine  Scott test —turns blue for cocaine

65. CHROMATOGRAPHY  A technique for separating mixtures into their components  Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one.

66. TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY  Paper  Thin Layer (TLC)  Gas (GC)  Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)  Liquid (LC)  High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)  Column

67. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY  Stationary phase—paper  Mobile phase—a liquid solvent Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase

68. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Phases  Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column  Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium Analysis  Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present  Uses retention time instead of R f for the qualitative analysis

69. USES OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY  Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance  Used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)  Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence).

70. CONFIRMATORY TEST Performed in a laboratory Conclusive results

71. CONFIRMATORY TEST: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Measures the absorption of light in the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. UV is not conclusive UV is not conclusive; establishes probable identity only IR can specifically identify a substance IR can specifically identify a substance, like a fingerprint

72. CONFIRMATORY TEST: MASS SPECTROMETRY Sample is exposed to high-energy electrons to break the sample molecules – no two compounds fragment in exactly the same way Used in conjunction with gas chromatography (GC/MS)