1. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson 017 Non-Renewable Ch 15 Environment & Ecology

2. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Central Case: Oil or wilderness on Alaska’s North Slope? To Drill or Not to Drill in the ANWR

3. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Alaska’s North Slope

4. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fossil fuels provide most of our energy

5. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Resources are renewable or non-renewable Renewable energy: supplies will not be depleted by our use - Sunlight, geothermal energy, and tidal energy Nonrenewable energy: at our current rates of consumption, we will use up Earth’s accessible store of these sources in a matter of decades to centuries - Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear energy - They cannot be replaced in any time span useful to our civilization.

6. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fossil fuels are created from fossils They were formed from organisms that lived 100- 500 million years ago. Produced when organic material is broken down in an anaerobic environment - Bottoms of deep lakes, swamps, and shallow seas diatoms

7. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Petroleum & Natural Gas Formation

8. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fossil fuel reserves are unevenly distributed Nearly 67% of the world’s proven reserves of crude oil lie in the Middle East. - The U.S. possesses more coal than any other country. - Russia contains the most natural gas.

9. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Global fossil fuel reserves

10. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson It takes energy to make energy To harness, extract, process, and deliver energy requires substantial inputs of energy. - Roads, wells, vehicles, storage tanks

11. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Energy returned on investment (EROI) Energy returned on investment (EROI): calculated as: energy returned ÷ energy invested - Higher ratios mean we receive more energy than we invest. Fossil fuels have high EROI, however… Ratios decline when we extract the easiest deposits first and now must work harder to extract the remaining reserves. i.e., the EROI for petroleum: 1940s = 100:1, today = 5:1

12. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Coal The world’s most abundant fossil fuel Coal: organic matter (woody plant material) that was compressed millions of years ago under very high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structures - Very little decomposition occurred

13. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Coal contains impurities Sulfur, mercury, arsenic, and other trace metals Sulfur content depends on whether coal was formed in salt water or freshwater.

14. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Coal is mined using two methods Strip mining: for deposits near the surface Subsurface mining: underground deposits First uses of coal were for direct heating and running steam engines - Today, coal is burned to produce electricity. - Coal combustion turns water to steam, which turns a turbine.

15. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Top producers and consumers of coal Fossil fuel use is unevenly distributed

16. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Natural gas The fastest growing fossil fuel in use today - 25% of global commercial energy consumption Natural gas: consists of methane (CH 4 ) and other volatile hydrocarbons Biogenic gas: created at shallow depths by bacterial anaerobic decomposition of organic matter - “Swamp gas” Thermogenic gas: results from compression and heat deep underground - Found above coal or crude oil

17. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Top producers and consumers of natural gas

18. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Natural gas extraction becomes more challenging The first gas fields simply required an opening and the gas moved upward. - Most remaining fields require pumping. Most accessible reserves have been depleted. - Extraction today uses sophisticated techniques such as fracturing, which pumps high-pressure salt water into rocks to crack them.

19. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Offshore drilling produces much of our gas Deepwater Horizon April 2010

20. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Heat and pressure underground form petroleum Oil is the world’s most used fuel. Its worldwide use over the past decade has risen 17%. Crude oil (petroleum): a mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules - Formed 1.5-3 km (1-2 mi) underground - Dead organic material was buried in marine sediments and transformed by time, heat, and pressure.

21. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Top producers and consumers of oil

22. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Petroleum geologists infer deposit location and size Estimates for ANWR’s oil deposits = 11.6–31.5 (average = 20.7) billion barrels, enough for 33 months at current consumption rates But only 4.3–11.8 (average = 7.7) billion barrels are technically recoverable, equivalent to 1 year of consumption

23. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Not all oil can be extracted Some oil would be so hard to extract, it is not worth the cost. - As prices rise, economically recoverable amounts approach technically recoverable amounts. Proven recoverable reserve: the amount of oil (or any other fossil fuel) that is technically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions - Technology limits what can be extracted. - Economics determines what will be extracted.

24. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson We drill to extract oil, which has many uses Exploratory drilling: small, deep holes to determine whether extraction should be done Oil is under pressure and often rises to the surface. - Once pressure is relieved, pumping is required. Once extracted, oil is refined. - Separates the hydrocarbons (i.e., gasoline from tar)

25. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson A petroleum refinery

26. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Petroleum products have many uses Oil is refined to create many products, so we should be concerned as we continue depleting it.

27. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson We may have already depleted half our reserves Some people calculate that we have used up about 1.1 trillion barrels of oil — ½ of the world’s reserves Reserves-to-production ratio (R/P ratio): the amount of total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate of production (extraction and processing) - At current levels of production (30 billion barrels/year), we have about 40 years of oil left. We will face a crisis not when we run out of oil, but when the rate of production begins to decline.

28. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson U.S. oil production has already peaked We are facing an oil shortage

29. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Global oil production is peaking Discoveries of new oil fields peaked 30 years ago, and since then we’ve been extracting and consuming more than discovering.

30. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Oil sands can be mined and processed Oil sands (tar sands): sand deposits with 1–20% bitumen, a thick form of petroleum rich in carbon, poor in hydrogen - Degraded and chemically altered crude oil deposits - Removed by strip mining Specialized refineries upgrade it into synthetic crude oil Primarily found in Venezuela and Alberta, Canada

31. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Oil shale is abundant in the U.S. west Oil shale: sedimentary rock filled with kerogen (organic matter) that can be processed to produce liquid petroleum More than 40% is found in the U.S., mostly on federally owned land in the west - Supplies may equal 600 billion barrels of oil

32. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Methane hydrate shows potential Methane hydrate: molecules of methane in a crystal lattice of water ice molecules Found in seafloor sediments below 300m Abundant sources, but undeveloped technology will limit extraction - This resource will likely remain inefficient and expensive.

33. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson These alternative fossil fuels have downsides Their net energy values are low because they are expensive to extract and process. - They have low EROI ratios: about 3:1 compared to the 5:1 ratio on crude oil. Extraction processes devastate the landscape and pollute waterways. Combustion pollutes the atmosphere just as much as crude oil, coal, and gas. - Will contribute to climate change

34. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fossil fuel emissions pollute the air Carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion have increased sharply.

35. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fossil fuel use pollutes water Leaking underground storage tanks can pollute groundwater. Non-point source oil pollution ultimately ends up in oceans. Catastrophic tanker oil spills impact marine environments. Coal mining causes acid mine drainage and habitat destruction. Drilling requires new roads and infrastructure, which fragment habitats.

36. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Scientists anticipate negative impacts in ANWR Some scientists anticipate damage if ANWR is drilled. - Vegetation killed - Degraded air and water quality Other scientists say little harm will be done. - ANWR will be developed with environmentally sensitive technology and approaches.

37. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Drilling in ANWR will not fill U.S. oil demand ANWR’s estimated 7.7 billion barrels represents just one year’s supply for the U.S at current consumption rates.

38. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Nations can become dependent on foreign energy We are vulnerable to supplies becoming unavailable or expensive. The U.S. imports 67% of its crude oil, meaning other nations control our energy supplies.

39. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson The oil embargo of the 1970s caused panic OPEC’s (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) oil embargo caused widespread panic, skyrocketing prices, and spurred inflation.

40. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Oil supply and prices affect nation’s economies Because the politically volatile Middle East has the majority of oil reserves, crises are a constant concern for the U.S. - Despite political disagreements, the U.S. has a close relationship with Saudi Arabia because Saudi Arabia owns 22% of the world’s oil reserves.

41. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Residents may or may not benefit from reserves Extraction can benefit residents of the area with: - Increased job opportunities - Residents in Alaska are paid dividends by the government But residents are not always compensated for pollution and displacement. - Profits go to oil companies and governments. Nigeria

42. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson How much longer can we depend on fossil fuels? Because they are fossil fuels they DO have a life expectancy “Oil has 40 – 50 years left” In 1960 they said this too! – what has happened is that we have found new reserves of oil and new technology has made the oil we use last longer

43. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson US Power Reactors 104 commercial reactors generating 20% of electric power The US is the world’s largest supplier of nuclear power No new power reactor has been built in the US since 1978 Nuclear Power

44. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Nuclear Power Conflict. - Less air pollution - Less env. damage for extracting - But there are issues of nuclear weaponry, radioactive waste disposal, and previous accidents. The U.S. generates the most electricity from nuclear power. - 20% of U.S. electricity - Other nations rely more heavily on nuclear power (i.e., France gets 78% of its electricity from nuclear power).

45. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fission releases nuclear energy Nuclear energy: the energy that holds together protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom

46. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Coal versus nuclear power

47. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Spent fuel rods must be stored Nuclear waste will remain radioactive for thousands of years. - Is currently held in temporary storage at nuclear power plants across the U.S. and the world Spent fuel rods are sunk in pools of cooling water to minimize radiation leakage. U.S. power plants store 56,000 metric tons of high-level radioactive waste, as well as much more low-level radioactive waste. - Waste is held at 125 sites in over 39 states. - Over 161 million U.S. citizens live within 125 km (75 mi) of temporarily stored waste.

48. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Waste Storage Alternatives Leave It Where It Is Deep Geologic Disposal - Yucca Mountain, Nevada Salt Cave Disposal - WIPP near Carlsbad, New Mexico Very Deep Holes (6 miles) Ice-Sheet Disposal Space Disposal Sub-Seabed Disposal Island Geologic Disposal Deep-Well Injection Disposal Vitrification (Glass Waste) Reprocessing

49. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson U.S. storage of high-level radioactive waste

50. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Waste storage at Yucca Mountain, Nevada Nuclear waste managers want to send all waste to a central repository that can be heavily guarded With final approval, Yucca Mountain will begin receiving wastes by 2017.

51. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Why Yucca Mountain? It is remote and unpopulated. It has minimal risk of earthquakes. Its dry climate minimizes groundwater contamination. The water table is deep underground, on top of an isolated aquifer. Its location on federal land can be protected from sabotage. However, nuclear waste will need to be from 120 current storage areas, nuclear plants, and military installations. - Shipments by rail and truck across hundreds of public highways through all the states cause a high risk of accident or sabotage.

52. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Dilemmas have slowed nuclear power’s growth Public anxiety makes utilities less willing to invest in new plants. It is enormously expensive to build, maintain, operate, and ensure the safety of nuclear facilities. - Shutting down plants can be more expensive than construction. A plant’s lifetime is often only ½ of what is expected. Electricity is more expensive than from coal and other sources. - Governments still subsidize nuclear power. But nuclear power is one of the few viable alternatives to fossil fuels for generating electricity. - New reactors are safer and less expensive.

53. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Nuclear power poses small risks of large accidents Three Mile Island (1979): the most serious accident in the U.S. – Cooling pump failed and core overheated (while off) causing partial meltdown

54. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson The Chernobyl accident (1986) The destroyed reactor was encased in a massive concrete sarcophagus to contain leakage — but a new, larger sarcophagus must be built.

55. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Fukushima Nuclear plant accident April 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, Reactor Melts

56. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Energy conservation Energy conservation: the practice of reducing energy use to: - Extend the life of our nonrenewable energy supplies - Be less wasteful - Reduce our environmental impact

57. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson CAFE standards Finally, in 2007, Congress passed legislation to raise average fuel efficiency to 35 mpg by 2020, but this is still far lower than in other developed nations. 2011-70mpg

58. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Emissions reduction: Inefficient autos Cars use energy very inefficiently. We could do better.

59. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Personal choice and efficiency Individuals can choose to reduce energy consumption. - Driving less, turning off lights, turning down thermostats, buying efficient machines Society can make more efficient devices. - Fuel efficient cars, electric or hybrid vehicles

60. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Efficiency among consumer products Cogeneration: excess heat produced during electrical generation is used to heat buildings and produce other types of power

61. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Efficiency among consumer products summerwinter

62. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Why recycle? What can be recycled? Where do we recycle?

63. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

64. Alternative Energy Hydroelectric Geothermal Wave energy Solar Wind Biofuels Clean coal Tidal energy OTEC deep water cooling

65. Transportation Foot/Pedal power Cars Hybrid Public Hybrid electric

66. Lighting Sunlight Compact fluorescence LED Solar lights Piping light in through fiber optics or other lighting technologies

67. Water Shorter shower and low- flow shower head Shower better than bath Water plants in morning or night Plant drought-tolerant native plants Skip bottled water Take

68. E-Waste

69. Food: eating smart Reduce amt of meat you eat each week Buy from local farmers Choose sustainable seafood products Organic is best Bring your own bag shopping

70. Make your own cleaning supplies. The big secret: All you need are a few simple ingredients like baking soda, vinegar, lemon, and soap. Making your own cleaning products saves money, time, and packaging-not to mention your indoor air quality.

71. Compost Animal manure Cardboard rolls Clean paper Coffee grounds and filters Eggshells Fireplace ashes Fruits and vegetables Grass clippings Hair and fur Hay and straw Houseplants Leaves Nut shells Sawdust Shredded newspaper Tea bags Wood chips Wool rags Yard trimmings Do compost Black walnut tree leaves or twigs (Releases substances that might be harmful to plants) Coal or charcoal ash (Might contain substances harmful to plants) Dairy products (e.g., butter, egg yolks, milk, sour cream, yogurt) (Create odor problems and attract pests such as rodents and flies) Diseased or insect-ridden plants (Diseases or insects might survive and be transferred back to other plants) Fats, grease, lard, oils, meat or fish bones and scraps (Create odor problems and attract pests such as rodents and flies) Pet wastes (e.g., dog or cat feces, soiled cat litter) (Might contain parasites, bacteria, germs, pathogens, and viruses harmful to humans) Yard trimmings treated with chemical pesticides (Might kill beneficial composting organisms) Do not compost

72. Compost Worm bin

73. Funerals Eco-burials Preservation: Embalming slows the decomposition process. Cremation: toxins in the env. Coffins: Cardboard, bamboo, or jute coffins; shrouds; or biodegradable urns are all dignified ways to unite with nature more rapidly. Leave a living marker Mooring ball

74. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Eco-Friendly? Whale disposal http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=8Vm nq5dBF7Y

75. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Population Later Longer Fewer

76. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Green building Ford Island NOAA

77. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson What could we change right now? Room Building Home Community

78. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson What is Stewardship? http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/czm/initiative/community_ based/CommunityStewardshipDirectory.pdf 1.Duty of service 2.Responsibility 3.Management Earth Day Apr 22

79. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review A fuel which is highly combustible and formed from the remains of organisms from past geologic ages is: a)Fossil fuel b)Solar energy c)Geothermal energy d)Nuclear energy e)All of the above are highly combustible and were formed from prehistoric organisms.

80. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Which energy source is the most abundant but the dirtiest to extract? a)Natural gas b)Petroleum c)Coal d)Nuclear energy e)None of the above

81. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Natural gas that has been formed thermogenically was: a)Created in shallow water b)Created by bacteria c)Also called swamp gas d)Created deep underground e)Concentrated around Pangea

82. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review _____ contains the most oil in the world, while ______ consumes the most. a)Mexico, Japan b)Kuwait, France c)Saudi Arabia, the U.S. d)The U.S., the U.S. e)The U.S., Saudi Arabia

83. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review At current rates of consumption, if the U.S. used only its own reserves, about how long would these reserves last? a)Less than 5 years b)About 10 years c)50 to 100 years d)Well over 100 years e)The U.S. has an infinite supply of oil, since new supplies are being made.

84. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review How are oil sands extracted? a)By strip mining b)By drilling c)By burning d)By chemical extraction e)By burning coal and natural gas

85. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Leaking underground storage tanks have what effect? a)Contributing to climate change b)Polluting groundwater c)Damaging infrastructure d)Showing the damage of strip mining e)None of these. Underground storage tanks don’t usually leak.

86. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Which of the following statements about energy conservation is FALSE? a)Government research increases when fossil fuel prices are high. b)The public is enthusiastic about conservation mainly during election years. c)The public is enthusiastic about conservation mainly during times of high fuel prices and shortages. d)Individual choices to reduce energy consumption really work. e)Energy consumption could save millions of barrels of oil.

87. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Why have nuclear power plants not been supported in the U.S.? a)Fears about accidents b)Nuclear waste issues c)High costs of building and maintaining plants d)Fear about possible sabotage e)All of the above are issues regarding nuclear energy.

88. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Review Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is the site selected for permanent radioactive waste disposal. Which of the following is NOT a reason for selecting this site? a)It is remote and unpopulated. b)Its wet climate minimizes water contamination. c)The water table is deep underground. d)It has minimal risk of earthquakes. e)It can be protected against sabotage.

89. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, the contribution of oil from ANWR will be: a)Extremely significant b)Extremely insignificant c)Very high d)Worth drilling for e)Exported to other countries

90. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, which area has already peaked in oil production? a)Polar oil b)Deep-water oil c)Lower 48 U.S. states d)All have peaked e)None have peaked