1. Diagnosing asthma History & Physical examination Measurements of lung function – Spirometry – Peak expiratory flow Measurements of airway hyperresponsiveness – Inhaled metacholine/histamine (DIRECT) – Inhaled mannitol/exercise challenge (INDIRECT) Measurements of allergic status – Skin allergen test & IgE serum

2. HOST RISK FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS Genetics - Parental asthma - Predisposition to atopy - Predisposition to airway hyperresponsiveness Allergens Indoor/outdoor ObesityInfections (usually Viral) Sex (male)Occupational sensitizers Low birth weightTobacco smoke Outdoor/indoor air pollution Diet Diagnosing asthma - HISTORY

3. Consider asthma if any of the ff. are present: – Frequent episodes of wheezing (>1x/month) – Activity induced cough or wheeze – Cough at night (during period w/o viral infection) – Absence of seasonal variation of wheeze – Symptoms persist after age 3

4. Diagnosing asthma - HISTORY Consider asthma if any of the ff. are present: Symptoms occur or worsen in the presence of: – Animals with fur, aerosol chemicals, changes in temp., domestic dust mites, drugs like aspirin and beta-blockers, exercise, pollen, respiratory viral infections, smoke, strong emotional expression – The childs colds repeatedly “go to the chest” or take more than 10 days to clear up. – Symptoms improve when asthma medication is given

5. Diagnosing asthma – ROS & PE Decreased physical activity General fatigue, inability to sleep Difficulty keeping up with peers in physical activities WHEEZING (may be absent if severe) Breathlessness Chest tightness Cough (usually at night or early morning)

6. Diagnosing asthma – Lung Function Tests 1) Spirometry - preferred method of measuring airflow limitation and its reversibility - Reversibility = increase in FEV1 of >= 12% or 200 mL after administration of bronchodilator

7. Diagnosing asthma – Lung Function Tests 2) Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) - PEF measurements are compared to patient’s own best measurements using peak flow meter - Suggests asthma if: a)Improvement of 60 L/min or >= 20% of pre- bronchodilator PEF after inhalation of a bronchodilator b)Diurnal variation in PEF > 20% (with 2x daily readings more than 10%)

8. Diagnosing asthma – Measurements of airway hyperresponsiveness Direct/Indirect airway challenges Helps in diagnosing asthma in patients with normal lung function but has symptoms consistent with asthma Reflect sensitivity of airways to factors that can trigger asthma Expressed as the provocative concentration (or dose) of a given agonist causing a given fall in FEV1 (usually 20%) Sensitive but not specific

9. Diagnosing asthma – Measurements of allergic status 1)Skin test with allergen -Primary diagnostic tool -Simple, rapid to perform, low cost, high senstivity 2) Serum IgE - More expensive

10. Diagnostic Challenge Diagnosing asthma in children < 5 years old is largely based on CLINICAL JUDGEMENT, SYMPTOMS, and PHYSICAL FINDINGS Confirm diagnosis by trial of treatment with bronchodilators & inhaled glucocorticoids – Improves with treatment – Deteriorates when treatment is stopped

11. Spirometry video

12. What causes asthma?

13. Controlling asthma attacks

14. bronchodilators