1. Admin

2. Review Mahan’s tenets of Sea PowerMahan’s tenets of Sea Power –Geographic Position –Physical Conformation –Extent of Territory –Number of Population –National Character –Character of the Government Mahan’s Strategic questions:Mahan’s Strategic questions: –What is a navy’s function? –How should a navy be deployed? –Where should the coaling stations needed to support them be established? –What is the value of commerce destruction, and should this be a primary or secondary goal of naval action?

3. Review cont. CorbettCorbett –Points of agreement with Mahan –Points of disagreement with Mahan Worldwide influence of Mahan’s writingsWorldwide influence of Mahan’s writings Was the decision to build a battle fleet a correct one for the US? Was it unanimous?Was the decision to build a battle fleet a correct one for the US? Was it unanimous?

4. Lesson 8: The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism 1898-1914

5. Learning Objectives Know the influence of the mass media in U.S. relations with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine on public opinion.Know the influence of the mass media in U.S. relations with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine on public opinion. Comprehend the impact of Mahanian doctrine on the naval strategy and thinking in preparation for and conduct of the war.Comprehend the impact of Mahanian doctrine on the naval strategy and thinking in preparation for and conduct of the war. Comprehend the reasons for the acceleration of U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.Comprehend the reasons for the acceleration of U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.

6. Learning Objectives Know the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic politics on the Navy.Know the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic politics on the Navy. Comprehend the threats and resultant actions taken by the U.S. concerning activities in the Pacific and Caribbean during the period 1900-1914.Comprehend the threats and resultant actions taken by the U.S. concerning activities in the Pacific and Caribbean during the period 1900-1914.

7. Remember our Themes! The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign PolicyThe Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the NavyInteraction between Congress and the Navy Interservice RelationsInterservice Relations TechnologyTechnology LeadershipLeadership Strategy and TacticsStrategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval DoctrineEvolution of Naval Doctrine

8. The Spanish-American War

9. Causes Decreased isolationism in U.S. public and CongressDecreased isolationism in U.S. public and Congress Cuban Revolution (1895-1898):Cuban Revolution (1895-1898): – U.S. investments threatened – Spanish authorities commit atrocities against Cuban civilians – Sympathetic to Cubans

10. USS Maine Havana, Cuba February 1898

11. The Fuze USS Maine Explosion - February 1898:USS Maine Explosion - February 1898: – Havana, Cuba. – Mission — protect U.S. citizens and property. – U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain. “Free Cuba!” “Remember the Maine!” President William McKinleyPresident William McKinley – Congress declares war on Spain -- April 1898.

13. Fighting the War GeographyGeography –Spanish Empire- Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam –U.S. strategic interests Panama Canal, Hawaii U.S forcesU.S forces –Atlantic: Sampson/Schley –Asiatic: Dewey

14. President William McKinley

15. Naval Orders of Battle United StatesUnited States – North Atlantic Squadron Sampson based in Key West. Schley’s “Flying Squadron” in Norfolk. USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic. – Asiatic Squadron Commanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong. – Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt. SpainSpain –Inferior naval forces. Montojo - Manila Bay Cervera - Cape Verde Islands

16. Fighting the War CubaCuba –Blockade of Santiago harbor (1 May) –Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20) –Destruction of Cevera’s Fleet (July 3) Sampson/Schley command controversy Naval Results

18. Rear Admiral William T. Sampson Commander North Atlantic Squadron

19. Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley Commander North Atlantic Flying Squadron Spanish-American War

20. Admiral Pascual Cervera Commander Spanish Fleet Battle of Santiago de Cuba

21. Battle of Santiago American blockade of Santiago Harbor.American blockade of Santiago Harbor. – Guantanamo Bay seized by Huntington’s battalion of Marines. Amphibious landing at Daiquiri.Amphibious landing at Daiquiri. – Confusion between Army and Navy: Shafter and Sampson. Rough Riders’ Teddy Roosevelt.Rough Riders’ Teddy Roosevelt. – Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1 July 1898.Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1 July 1898. – Sampson / Schley command controversy. Results and lessons:Results and lessons: – Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the Philippines – U.S. technological superiority overwhelms Spanish. – U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea. – Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious doctrine.

22. USS Oregon Battle of Santiago

23. Battle of Santiago

27. U.S. “Empire” Established From Spain in 1898:From Spain in 1898: – Puerto Rico – Guam – Philippines – Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (Spain sells other island territories in the Pacific to the German Empire in 1899.) Formerly Independent:Formerly Independent: –Hawaii (Annexed 1898) –Wake Island - 1899 – “American” Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) - 1899

28. American Pacific Territories Coaling Stations for Ships

29. U.S. Navy after the War Battle Ships principle warshipBattle Ships principle warship Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated.Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated. – Commerce raiding discredited. Construction programs to be completed by 1905:Construction programs to be completed by 1905: – 10 first-rate battleships. – 4 armored cruisers. Global empire yields:Global empire yields: – Overseas bases. – Expanded obligations to protect overseas interests. Dewey heads new Navy General Board.Dewey heads new Navy General Board. – First U.S. peacetime strategic planning apparatus. – Missions are to devise war plans and assess foreign navies’ capabilities.

30. Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914) Strong Presidents:Strong Presidents: –Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. Republican Congress funds battleships and canal construction.Republican Congress funds battleships and canal construction. –Large increases in federal budget. –Large increase in percentage of federal budget for Department of the Navy. Dewey and General BoardDewey and General Board –Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the President on a regular basis due to increased importance of the Navy.

31. Pre-WWI International Concerns Expanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to CaribbeanExpanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to Caribbean Expanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in PacificExpanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in Pacific

32. The Caribbean Threat: GermanyThreat: Germany –U.S. has stake in Caribbean Annexation of Puerto Rico Naval base in Cuba –Germany has strong interest in Latin America –Venezuela Crisis (1902) Germany wants base there Germany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to recover from default on 12.5 million loan

33. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Caribbean SeaCaribbean Sea –Vital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access to Panama Canal. European relations with Latin America.European relations with Latin America. – Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for U.S. to ensure European powers need not intervene in Western Hemisphere.

34. Panama Canal Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America.Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America. – Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets. Need for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregon’s long transit to the Battle of Santiago. Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt. Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt. – Essentially Mahanian

35. Panama Canal Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903. Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903. – Engineered and influenced by U.S. – Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. Construction of the canal begins in 1904. Construction of the canal begins in 1904. – Completed in 1914. Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea. Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea. – Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.

36. “The Big Stick” Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904):Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904): – U.S. obligated “in flagrant cases of wrong-doing or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise of an international police power.” Constant interventions by Navy and Marines:Constant interventions by Navy and Marines: – Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. – Cuba - Platt Amendment. – Vera Cruz, Mexico. “Yankee Imperialism” despised by many Latin Americans.“Yankee Imperialism” despised by many Latin Americans.

37. U.S. Interests in the Far East War Plan OrangeWar Plan Orange – U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan. – Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the Japanese Navy.

38. The Open Door U.S. “Open Door” policy in China: U.S. “Open Door” policy in China: – Policy has two aspects. (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China. (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries. – China’s Boxer Rebellion - 1900 U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force protecting Westerners. – Counter European and Japanese attempts at “spheres of influence”. Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce.

39. Japanese Opening and Modernization Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854 –Treaty of Kanagawa –European powers quickly follow U.S. lead. Meiji Restoration - 1868Meiji Restoration - 1868 – End of Tokugawa Shogunate’s feudal system. – Emperor restored to power. Increased trade with the West. Increased trade with the West. Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces.Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces. Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands.Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands. Japanese NavyJapanese Navy –From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern Age. –Skips entirely the Age of Sail.